License
Authentication
Response Formats
Response Compression
Response Metadata
Response Status Codes
Response Paging
Data Structure Overview
Entity Resources
Relationship Resources
List Resources
Reference Resources
Date Formats
Caching
LittleSis.org content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License.
All requests to the LittleSis API must include a valid API key, which can be obtained here. The key should be passed as a GET parameter with the name "_key", for example: http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml?_key=98d85d5aebf8c737409581592126d887e63e4bc4.
(For convenience, the API key will be omitted from the requested URI in the examples below.)
A request without a valid key will produce an empty response with HTTP status code 401. API requests are limited to 10,000 per key per day, and any request that exceeds this limit will produce an empty response with HTTP status code 403.
All responses to API requests can be formatted in XML or JSON, determined by the suffix (".xml" or ".json") of the requested URI. JSON responses are generated by directly converting the XML response into JSON using the Zend_Json component of the Zend Framework. Some resources, such as a list's entities, are available as CSV files.
API responses can be compressed with gzip to reduce bandwidth use and download time. To request a gzipped response, include an "Accept-Encoding: gzip" HTTP header. It's highly recommended for API clients to use this feature.
Responses always include a Meta section containing the valid GET parameters sent with the request. For requests that accept paging parameters (see below) -- except for "second degree" Entity requests -- the Meta section will include a TotalCount value specifying the total number of results available without any paging.
All responses will also include a 'Ls-Execution-Time' HTTP header, which displays how long it took LittleSis to execute the request, up until the time it sent the response back to the client. This measurement can be useful for determining how much of the total response time is due solely to data transfer or network latency.
Responses to LittleSis API requests use the following HTTP status codes:
Some requests may return large numbers of results and therefore accept two optional paging parameters. The "num" parameter specifies how many results to return, and the "page" parameter specifies what page of results to return. So a num of 20 and a page of 6 will show results 100-120. Only two requests -- for an Entity's "second degree" Entities, and for Entities matching search text (see more below) -- are paged by default. These parameters do not always speed up the time it takes LittleSis to query its database, but will always improve response time by limiting the amount of data transfered to the API client in the response.
An Entity is a record that stores the essential fields for any person or organization in LittleSis, including its name, short & long descriptions, and its primary Type (more about Types below).
One of the challenges for LittleSis is to match names based on incomplete data. This is compounded by the fact that a single person or organization might go by many different names. For that reason Entities have Aliases. Each Entity has one "primary" Alias, which is stored directly in the Entity's name field.
A Relationship is a record that stores the essential fields about a real-world connection between two Entities in LittleSis, including the Entities' LittleSis IDs and the Relationship's category, start date, and end date, and description (more about relationship categories below).
When querying LittleSis for Relationships, specifying the order of Entities can be helpful in narrowing the resulting data. The order of Entities in a Relationship record only matters for the Position, Education, Membership, Donation, Lobbying, and Ownership categories. For those Relationships, the following conventions apply:
One type of connection between Entities that isn't stored with Relationship records is when an Entity is a suborg of another. For example: http://littlesis.org/org/28677/White_House#childOrgs. These connections are stored using the child Entity's parent_id field.
Types are how LittleSis implements the Class Table Inheritance pattern, basically a technique for reconciling object inheritance with database table non-inheritance in ORMs. Class Table Inheritance stores the *extra* fields of subclasses in their own tables in the database.
The important thing is that all Entities can have multiple Types, and that some Types give an Entity extra fields -- eg, the "PublicCompany" type gives an Entity a "ticker" field.
Similarly, Relationship categories store the *extra* fields for Relationship subclasses, except that a Relationship can only have a single category.
The extra fields that Types and Relationship categories store are somewhat peripheral in LittleSis, but the Types and categories themselves can be used for filtering and sorting Entities and Relationships on the frontend (see, for example: http://littlesis.org/person/1164/Robert_E_Rubin).
A List record is used to create informal groupings of Entities, like the "Forbes 400" or "Federal Bailout Recipients", that aren't organizations. Like Entities, Lists have names and descriptions, but List membership is stored separately from Relationships.
References are records for storing links to original sources that document data on LittleSis. References are required for all data entered into LittleSis, and can be retrieved for any Entity or Relationship via the API.
All Entity resources include basic information about the entity at the top:
The simplest Entity resource returns only these basic fields:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
</Data>
</Response>
There are many additional Entity fields associated with particular Entity types. Entities with the PublicCompany type, for example, have "ticker" and "sec_cik" fields (but these fields don't necessarily have a value). A complete list of type IDs, names, and fields, is available at http://api.littlesis.org/entities/types.xml Each Entity has a resource that returns the basic Entity fields described above, the Entity's types, the extra fields associated with those types, and the Entity's aliases:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
<types>Org,Business,PublicCompany</types>
<name_nick/>
<employees/>
<revenue>378799000000</revenue>
<fedspending_id>336092</fedspending_id>
<lda_registrant_id>40305</lda_registrant_id>
<annual_profit/>
<ticker>WMT</ticker>
<sec_cik>104169</sec_cik>
<Aliases>
<Alias>Wal Mart</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart Stores</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart Stores Inc</Alias>
<Alias>Walmart</Alias>
</Aliases>
</Entity>
</Data>
</Response>
Basic and detailed data can be retrieved for multiple Entities at once with a batch request. Use the "ids" parameter to specify which Entities to retrieve, and the optional "details" parameter (with a value of 1) to retrieve the extra fields associated with the Entitities' types:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Entities>6</Entities>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<details>1</details>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entities>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
<types>Org,Business,PublicCompany</types>
<name_nick/>
<employees/>
<revenue>378799000000</revenue>
<fedspending_id>336092</fedspending_id>
<lda_registrant_id>40305</lda_registrant_id>
<annual_profit/>
<ticker>WMT</ticker>
<sec_cik>104169</sec_cik>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>2</id>
<name>Exxon Mobil</name>
<description>Oil and gas exploration, production, and marketing</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.exxonmobil.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-22 11:57:05</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/2/Exxon_Mobil</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/2.xml</api_uri>
<types>Org,Business,PublicCompany</types>
<name_nick/>
<employees/>
<revenue>372824000000</revenue>
<fedspending_id>112538</fedspending_id>
<lda_registrant_id>14017</lda_registrant_id>
<annual_profit/>
<ticker>XOM</ticker>
<sec_cik>34088</sec_cik>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>3</id>
<name>Chevron</name>
<description>Energy Company</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.chevron.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-28 16:10:48</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/3/Chevron</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/3.xml</api_uri>
<types>Org,Business,PublicCompany</types>
<name_nick/>
<employees/>
<revenue>210783000000</revenue>
<fedspending_id/>
<lda_registrant_id>9000</lda_registrant_id>
<annual_profit/>
<ticker>CVX</ticker>
<sec_cik>93410</sec_cik>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1201</id>
<name>Jamie Dimon</name>
<description>Chairman & CEO of JPMorganChase</description>
<summary>James Dimon Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of JPMorgan Chase. Director since 2000. Mr. Dimon became Chairman of the Board on December 31, 2006, and has been Chief Executive Officer and President since December 31, 2005. He had been President and Chief Operating Officer since JPMorgan Chase's merger with Bank One Corporation in July 2004. At Bank One he had been Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since March 2000. Mr. Dimon is a graduate of Tufts University and received an MBA from Harvard Business School. He is a director of The College Fund/UNCF and serves on the Board of Directors of The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Harvard Business School and Catalyst. He is on the Board of Trustees of New York University School of Medicine.</summary>
<start_date>1956-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-09 09:38:04</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1201/Jamie_Dimon</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1201.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<name_last>Dimon</name_last>
<name_first>James</name_first>
<name_middle/>
<name_prefix/>
<name_suffix/>
<name_nick/>
<birthplace/>
<gender_id>2</gender_id>
<party_id/>
<is_independent/>
<net_worth/>
<sec_cik>1195345</sec_cik>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>28219</id>
<name>Tim Geithner</name>
<description>Treasury Secretary</description>
<summary>On January 26, 2009, Timothy F. Geithner was sworn in as the 75th Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury in a ceremony attended by President Barack H. Obama, and Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.
Before his nomination to the Treasury, Secretary Geithner served as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, where he began on November 17, 2003. In that capacity, he served as the vice chairman and a permanent member of the Federal Open Market Committee, the group responsible for formulating the nation's monetary policy.
Secretary Geithner first joined the Department of Treasury in 1988 and worked in three administrations for five Secretaries of the Treasury in a variety of positions. He served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs from 1999 to 2001 under Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers.
He was director of the Policy Development and Review Department at the International Monetary Fund from 2001 until 2003. Earlier in his career, Secretary Geithner worked for Kissinger Associates, Inc.
Secretary Geithner graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor’s degree in government and Asian studies in 1983 and from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies with a master’s in International Economics and East Asian Studies in 1985. He has studied Japanese and Chinese and has lived in East Africa, India, Thailand, China, and Japan.
He and his wife, Carole Sonnenfeld Geithner, have two children.</summary>
<start_date>1961-08-18</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-05 14:02:47</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/28219/Tim_Geithner</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/28219.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson,PublicOfficial</types>
<name_last>Geithner</name_last>
<name_first>Timothy</name_first>
<name_middle>F</name_middle>
<name_prefix/>
<name_suffix/>
<name_nick>Tim</name_nick>
<birthplace>New York, NY</birthplace>
<gender_id>2</gender_id>
<party_id/>
<is_independent/>
<net_worth/>
<sec_cik/>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>35306</id>
<name>America's Health Insurance Plans</name>
<description>Health insurance trade association and lobbying group</description>
<summary>Formed in 2003 from the merger of the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) and Health Insurance Association of America (HIAA)</summary>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.ahip.org</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-05-04 18:27:45</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/35306/America's_Health_Insurance_Plans</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/35306.xml</api_uri>
<types>Org,MembershipOrg,IndustryTrade,LobbyingFirm</types>
<name_nick/>
<employees/>
<revenue/>
<fedspending_id/>
<lda_registrant_id/>
</Entity>
</Entities>
</Data>
</Response>
An Entity's aliases also have their own resource:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
<Aliases>
<Alias>Wal Mart</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart Stores</Alias>
<Alias>Wal-Mart Stores Inc</Alias>
<Alias>Walmart</Alias>
</Aliases>
</Entity>
</Data>
</Response>
A request for an Entity's Relationships can include optional paging parameters, as well as two parameters named "cat_ids", a comma-delimited list of category IDs the resulting Relationships must have, and "order", which specifies what order the given Entity must have in the Relationship. The order of Entities in a Relationship is explained in Data Structure Overview. The following request will retrieve Relationships in which the given Entity is entered second and the category ID is 1 (for the Position category):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<TotalCount>100</TotalCount>
<ResultCount>
<Relationships>100</Relationships>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<cat_ids>1,7</cat_ids>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>1</id>
<entity1_id>1006</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2010-06-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:15:59</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/1</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/1.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>2</id>
<entity1_id>1007</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:10</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/2</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/2.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>3</id>
<entity1_id>1008</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:01</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/3</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/3.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>4</id>
<entity1_id>1009</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:36</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/4</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/4.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>5</id>
<entity1_id>1010</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2001-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/5</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/5.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>6</id>
<entity1_id>1011</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/6</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/6.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>7</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/7</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/7.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>8</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CIO</description1>
<description2>CIO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/8</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/8.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>9</id>
<entity1_id>1109</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-19 15:50:27</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/9</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/9.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>10</id>
<entity1_id>1014</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/10</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/10.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>11</id>
<entity1_id>1015</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1977-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-06-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:04:12</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/11</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/11.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>12</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:12:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/12</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/12.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>13</id>
<entity1_id>1017</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:44</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/13</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/13.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>14</id>
<entity1_id>1018</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/14</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/14.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>15</id>
<entity1_id>1019</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/15</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/15.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>16</id>
<entity1_id>1020</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:08</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/16</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/16.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>17</id>
<entity1_id>1021</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/17</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/17.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>18</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/18</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/18.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>19</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CFO</description1>
<description2>CFO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/19</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/19.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>20</id>
<entity1_id>1023</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:50</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/20</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/20.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>21</id>
<entity1_id>1024</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/21</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/21.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>22</id>
<entity1_id>1025</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/22</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/22.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>24</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/24</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/24.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>25</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/25</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/25.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>26</id>
<entity1_id>1027</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:54</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/26</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/26.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>27</id>
<entity1_id>1028</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/27</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/27.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>28</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1978-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/28</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/28.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>29</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:57</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/29</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/29.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30213</id>
<entity1_id>15415</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30213</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30213.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30214</id>
<entity1_id>15416</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30214</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30214.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30215</id>
<entity1_id>15417</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30215</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30215.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30216</id>
<entity1_id>15418</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:27</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30216</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30216.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30217</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>12884</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2000-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30217</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30217.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30218</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>12885</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2000-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30218</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30218.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30219</id>
<entity1_id>15419</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:29</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30219</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30219.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30220</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>28677</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-12-02 14:27:34</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30220</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30220.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30221</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>44890</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2010-02-23 14:20:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30221</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30221.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30222</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14619</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30222</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30222.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30223</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14629</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-21 13:06:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30223</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30223.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30224</id>
<entity1_id>15425</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2009-07-08 14:45:44</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30224</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30224.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30225</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14682</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30225</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30225.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30226</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>28661</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2003-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-29 17:51:12</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30226</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30226.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30227</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14703</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2006-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-29 17:54:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30227</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30227.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30228</id>
<entity1_id>15426</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:39</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30228</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30228.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30229</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14607</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:17</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30229</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30229.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30230</id>
<entity1_id>15427</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:41</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30230</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30230.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30231</id>
<entity1_id>15428</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:41</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30231</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30231.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30232</id>
<entity1_id>1</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14603</entity2_id>
<category_id>7</category_id>
<description1>Direct Lobbying</description1>
<description2>Direct Lobbying</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:41:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30232</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30232.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30233</id>
<entity1_id>15429</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:45</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30233</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30233.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30234</id>
<entity1_id>15430</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
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<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/30234</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/30234.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>30235</id>
<entity1_id>15431</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Lobbyist</description1>
<description2>Lobbyist</description2>
<amount/>
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<is_current/>
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<notes/>
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<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Senior Vice President</description1>
<description2>Senior Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:20</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264023</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264023.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264024</id>
<entity1_id>38634</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-04 23:50:05</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264024</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264024.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264025</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264025</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264025.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264027</id>
<entity1_id>1384</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264027</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264027.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>296726</id>
<entity1_id>72454</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>engineering team lead at Walmart.com</description1>
<description2>engineering team lead at Walmart.com</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-03 11:12:12</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/296726</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/296726.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>310570</id>
<entity1_id>15315</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1990-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>1993-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-31 09:07:08</updated_at>
<notes>In 1990, McLane Co. agreed to merge with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Drayton Jr. accepted the positions of Chairman of McLane Company, Inc. and vice chairman of Wal-Mart. In 1993, he resigned both of these positions in order to devote his full time as Chairman of McLane Group, which is a holding company found in 1992.</notes>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/310570</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/310570.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>339039</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2009-02-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/339039</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/339039.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>343532</id>
<entity1_id>59964</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>president and CEO of Americas division</description1>
<description2>president and CEO of Americas division</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-16 12:41:43</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/343532</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/343532.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>374824</id>
<entity1_id>86848</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2010-12-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/374824</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/374824.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>374825</id>
<entity1_id>86849</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2010-07-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/374825</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/374825.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>375096</id>
<entity1_id>13191</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1986-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>1992-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2011-10-28 16:13:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/375096</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/375096.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Data>
</Response>
The IDs, names, and related fields of the 10 Relationship categories are available at http://api.littlesis.org/relationships/categories.xml.
A request for Entities that have a relationship with the given Entity can also be limited with paging parameters and "cat_ids". Another parameter, "is_current" (set to 1 or 0), can limit the related Entities to those with current or past relationships to the given Entity:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<TotalCount>31</TotalCount>
<ResultCount>
<RelatedEntities>31</RelatedEntities>
<Relationships>36</Relationships>
<RelationshipCategories>1</RelationshipCategories>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<cat_ids>1</cat_ids>
<order>2</order>
<is_current>1</is_current>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<RelatedEntities>
<Entity>
<id>1022</id>
<name>Thomas M Schoewe</name>
<description/>
<summary>Officer of Wal-Mart. Mr. Schoewe is the executive vice president and chief financial officer of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., where he has served since January 2000. Prior to joining Wal-Mart Stores, Mr. Schoewe spent 14 years at Black and Decker Corp., most recently as senior vice president and chief financial officer. Previously, he had a 12-year career with Beatrice Companies, where he was chief financial officer and controller of Beatrice Consumer Durables, Inc. A native of the Chicago area, Mr. Schoewe earned a BBA degree in finance from Loyola University of Chicago. He is a member of Financial Executives International and a national trustee of The First Tee.</summary>
<start_date>1953-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-09-28 01:09:59</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1022/Thomas_M_Schoewe</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1022.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>18</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/18</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/18.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>19</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CFO</description1>
<description2>CFO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/19</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/19.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1029</id>
<name>S Robson Walton</name>
<description>Chairman of Wal-Mart</description>
<summary>Mr. Walton is the Chairman of Wal-Mart and has been a member of the Board since 1978.
Son of Wal-Mart pioneer Sam Walton (d. 1992) and siblings, sister-in-law reclaim spot in Forbes 400 Top 10 after falling off last year. Wal-Mart shares up 45% since last September, as cash-strapped consumers head to discount-driven superstores in droves. Also profiting from stake in solar-paneling outfit First Solar; shares up 120% in past 12 months. Sam started as J.C. Penney clerk in 1940; opened Newport, Ark. five-and-dime store Benjamin Franklin 5 years later. Lost lease in 1950. With brother James started general-store chain in Bentonville, Ark., 1962. Today Wal-Mart is world's largest retailer: 7,300 stores, 2 million employees serve 200 million customers. Sales: $378 billion. Rob is Wal-Mart chairman; helping company become eco-friendly through partnership with environmental group Conservation International. </summary>
<start_date>1944-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-05 01:25:03</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1029/S_Robson_Walton</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1029.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>28</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1978-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/28</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/28.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>29</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:57</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/29</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/29.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1016</id>
<name>Michael T Duke</name>
<description>CEO of Walmart</description>
<summary>Mike Duke is the president and chief executive officer of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Walmart). From 2005 to February 2009, Mike served as vice chairman of the company, with responsibility for Walmart International.
As CEO, Mike leads a strong management team that is focused on keeping Walmart’s mission of “saving people money so they can live better†relevant to every customer, every day. The company also continues to broaden and accelerate its global efforts on environmental sustainability, responsible sourcing and associate opportunity.
Since joining Walmart in 1995, Mike has led the logistics, distribution and administration divisions as well as Walmart U.S. As vice chairman, Mike was actively involved in developing and executing corporate strategy. He focused on setting higher standards of excellence for the company’s resources and people — from the redesign of logistics and merchandise distribution systems, to the recruitment of talent, and development of strong teams.
Under Mike’s leadership, the company’s international business became a fast-growing part of Walmart’s overall operations. In leading Walmart’s expansion into mature and emerging markets, Mike built an international management team that delivered strong operational results in a complex global environment.
Prior to joining the company, Mike had 23 years of experience in retailing with Federated Department Stores and May Department Stores.
Mike serves on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the board of directors of The Consumer Goods Forum, the executive committee of Business Roundtable and is on the executive board of Conservation International's Center for Environment Leadership in Business. He also serves on the board of advisors for the University of Arkansas and the advisory board of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing, China. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Mike graduated from Georgia Tech with a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering. He and his wife, Susan, have two daughters and a son.</summary>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-08-31 15:31:43</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1016/Michael_T_Duke</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1016.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>264025</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264025</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264025.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>339039</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2009-02-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/339039</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/339039.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1012</id>
<name>Rollin L Ford</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-07-12 19:12:16</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1012/Rollin_L_Ford</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1012.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>7</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/7</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/7.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>8</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CIO</description1>
<description2>CIO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/8</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/8.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1026</id>
<name>Lee Scott</name>
<description>former CEO Wal-Mart</description>
<summary>Mr. Scott is the President and CEO of Wal-Mart and has served in that position since January 2000. Prior to this appointment, he held other positions with Wal-Mart since joining the Company in September 1979, including Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer from January 1999 to January 2000, and Executive Vice President and President and CEO, Wal-Mart Stores Division from January 1998 to January 1999. He has been a member of the Board since 1999.</summary>
<start_date>1949-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:52:23</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1026/Lee_Scott</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1026.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>24</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/24</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/24.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>58482</id>
<name>C Douglas McMillon</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-09-29 16:33:00</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/58482/C_Douglas_McMillon</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/58482.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>264018</id>
<entity1_id>58482</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264018</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264018.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>58483</id>
<name>Jeffrey J Gearhart</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:02</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/58483/Jeffrey_J_Gearhart</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/58483.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>264019</id>
<entity1_id>58483</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264019</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264019.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>47858</id>
<name>Leslie A Dach</name>
<description>Wal-Mart EVP for government relations</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-01-21 12:17:31</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/47858/Leslie_A_Dach</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/47858.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>217192</id>
<entity1_id>47858</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>executive vice president for corporate affairs and govt relations</description1>
<description2>executive vice president for corporate affairs and govt relations</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-01-20 11:20:52</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/217192</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/217192.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>43964</id>
<name>Raul Vazquez</name>
<description>CEO, Walmart.com</description>
<summary>As President and CEO of Walmart.com, Raul Vazquez oversees the online development and operations of the world’s largest retailer. He was promoted to this position in early 2007.
Previously, Mr. Vazquez served as the chief marketing officer of Walmart.com, and was responsible for all consumer marketing and customer-facing sitefunctionality. He managed teams across a variety of
marketing and creative functions including online, email and in-store marketing, consumer insights, category and brand marketing, corporate communications, editorial, design, imagery and information architecture.
Prior to joining Walmart.com, Mr. Vazquez spent four years at startup companies such as Ventro and Onsale.Before that time, he spent several years at a boutique consulting firm that specializes in competitive strategy
for Fortune 100 firms, and as an industrial engineer at Baxter Healthcare.
Mr. Vazquez is a graduate of the Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania, and also received a bachelor’s and master’s degree in industrial engineering from Stanford University.</summary>
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<summary>Director of Molson Coors since February 2006. Ms. Brewer has been Senior Vice President and Division President of Operations and Regional General Manager of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. since 2006. From 2004 to 2006, she served as President of Global Nonwovens division of Kimberly-Clark Corporation. Ms. Brewer had been with Kimberly-Clark since 1984, and held a variety of leadership positions across multiple businesses spanning technology and business aspects of the company. Ms. Brewer is immediate past president of Georgia's non-profit Board of Directors Network, and serves on several other non-profit boards. She holds a B.S. in Chemistry from Spelman College, and has been a trustee of Spelman College since 2006.</summary>
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<name>Steven S Reinemund</name>
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<name>Charles M Holley</name>
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<summary/>
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<name>William S Simon</name>
<description>president and CEO of Walmart U.S.</description>
<summary/>
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<name>Brian C Cornell</name>
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<summary/>
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<name>Aida M Alvarez</name>
<description/>
<summary>Ms. Alvarez is the former Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration and was a member of President Clinton's Cabinet from 1997 to 2001. She was the founding Director of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, the financial regulator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, from 1993 to 1997. Ms. Alvarez was a vice president in public finance at First Boston Corporation and Bear Stearns & Co., Inc. prior to 1993. She is presently Chair of the Latino Community Foundation of San Francisco and a director of UnionBanCal Corporation. Ms. Alvarez also serves on the diversity advisory board for Deloitte & Touche LLP. Ms. Alvarez has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
<start_date>1950-00-00</start_date>
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<updated_at>2009-10-26 16:26:29</updated_at>
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<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
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<entity1_id>1008</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:01</updated_at>
<notes/>
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<id>38634</id>
<name>Susan Chambers</name>
<description/>
<summary> M. Susan Chambers serves as the Executive Vice President of the Global People Division for Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. In that role, she is responsible for managing, attracting and retaining the nation’s largest private workforce. In 2008, she was named to Fortune magazine’s list of the “50 Most Powerful Women in Business.â€Â
Prior to joining Wal-Mart, Susan worked for 14 years with Hallmark Cards, Inc. She was the Director of Applications Development at Hallmark before beginning her career at Wal-Mart in 1999. She trained for six months in the field as a store and club manager before advancing to senior positions across multiple corporate functions, starting in the information systems division. There, she served as a Vice President for Applications and Development-Merchandising and then as a Senior Vice President, Risk and Benefits. She was then promoted to the role of Executive Vice President of Risk Management and Benefits Administration, with additional responsibilities in Global Security and Aviation. In 2006, Susan was promoted to her current position as Executive Vice President of the Global People Division. She reports directly to Wal-Mart’s CEO Mike Duke.
Today, Susan oversees recruiting, training and retention initiatives for more than 2 million Wal-Mart associates worldwide. Additionally, her responsibilities include human resource technology, culture change, regulatory issues and benefits.
Chambers' health care proposals have prompted widespread criticism and brought added scrutiny to the company’s inadequate employee benefits plan.</summary>
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<name>Angela Marshall Hofmann</name>
<description>Former Staffer for Max Baucus</description>
<summary/>
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<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
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<updated_at>2009-07-30 14:16:08</updated_at>
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<name>Gregory Boyd Penner</name>
<description>General Partner at Madrone Capital Partners</description>
<summary>Mr. Penner has been a General Partner at Madrone Capital Partners, an investment management firm, since 2005. From 2002 to 2005, he served as Wal-Mart's Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer - Japan. Prior to working for Wal-Mart, Mr. Penner was a General Partner at Peninsula Capital, an early stage venture capital fund, and a financial analyst for Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Penner is a member of the board of directors of Baidu.com, Inc., 99Bill Corporation, Cuill Inc., and Global Hyatt Corporation. Mr. Penner is standing for election to the Board for the first time.</summary>
<start_date>1970-00-00</start_date>
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<updated_at>2011-12-14 19:47:09</updated_at>
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<summary>Ms. Burns is the Chairman and CEO of Mercer LLC, a subsidiary of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. She joined Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a global professional services and consulting firm, in March 2006 and served as Executive Vice President and CFO until September 2006. She is the former Executive Vice President, CFO, and Chief Restructuring Officer of Mirant Corporation, an energy company, where she served from April 2004 to December 2005. She served as the Executive Vice President and CFO of Delta Air Lines, Inc., an air carrier, from August 2000 through April 2004. She also serves as a director of Cisco Systems, Inc. Ms. Burns has been a member of the Board since 2003.</summary>
<start_date>1958-00-00</start_date>
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<name>Roger C Corbett</name>
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<summary>Mr. Corbett is the retired CEO and Group Managing Director of Woolworths Limited, the largest retail company in Australia. Mr. Corbett is a director of The Reserve Bank of Australia, Fairfax Media Limited (a major Australian newspaper publisher), Chairman of the board of directors of ALH Group Pty Limited and Deputy Chairman of PrimeAg Australia (a major Australian farming enterprise). He is a former member of the Prime Minister's Community Business Partnership and serves on the board of Outback Stores (a joint venture with the Australian government providing indigenous Australians in small outback communities with retail facilities). He is a member of the Advisory Council of the Australian Graduate School of Management for the University of New South Wales. Mr. Corbett is also the Chairman of CIES Food Business Forum (France), the Salvation Army Advisory Committee, the Children's Hospital of Westmead Advisory Board, and Chairman of the Council and member of the Executive Committee of Shore School. Mr. Corbett has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
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<name>Eduardo Castro-Wright</name>
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<summary>Eduardo Castro-Wright is President and Chief Executive Officer of Wal-Mart Stores, USA. Mr. Castro-Wright joined Wal-Mart in 2001 and worked in Mexico through 2005, first as President and later as Chief Executive Officer of Wal-Mart de Mexico. He then joined Wal-Mart in the U.S. as Chief Operating Officer of the Wal-Mart Stores division in early 2005 and was promoted to his current role later that year. Previously, he was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Honeywell Transportation and Power Systems Worldwide. Prior to that, he was President of Honeywell Asia/Pacific. He also held several leadership positions at Nabisco, Inc., including President of Nabisco Asia/Pacific, as well as President and Chief Executive Officer of the company's businesses in Venezuela and Mexico. Mr. Castro-Wright is a Director of the Hispanic Scholarship Fund and.</summary>
<start_date>1955-00-00</start_date>
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<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
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<updated_at>2010-03-20 14:13:46</updated_at>
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<name>Douglas N Daft</name>
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<summary>Mr. Daft is the retired Chairman and CEO of The Coca-Cola Company, a beverage manufacturer, where he served in that capacity from February 2000 until May 2004 and in various other capacities since 1969. Mr. Daft serves as a director of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and Sistema-Hals. Mr. Daft has been a member of the Board since January 2005.</summary>
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<updated_at>2011-08-06 09:33:22</updated_at>
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<description2>Director</description2>
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<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
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<name>James I Cash Jr</name>
<description/>
<summary>A graduate of Texas Christian University with MS and PhD degrees from Purdue University, Dr. Cash joined the faculty of Harvard Business School in 1976, where he served as chairman of the MBA program from 1992 to 1995, and served as chairman of HBS Publishing from 1998 until 2003. Dr. Cash retired from the Harvard Business School faculty in 2003. Dr. Cash is also a director of The Chubb Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and Phase Forward, Inc. He also serves as a trustee of the Bert King Foundation and on the board of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) Foundation.
Dr. Cash is the James E. Robison Emeritus Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, where he served from July 1976 to October 2003. Dr. Cash also served as the Senior Associate Dean and Chairman of HBS Publishing while on the faculty of the Harvard Business School. Dr. Cash serves as a director of The Chubb Corporation, General Electric Company, Phase Forward Inc., and Microsoft Corporation. Dr. Cash has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
<start_date>1948-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-06-14 21:01:20</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1109/James_I_Cash_Jr</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1109.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>9</id>
<entity1_id>1109</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-19 15:50:27</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/9</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/9.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1020</id>
<name>Jim C Walton</name>
<description>Chairman and CEO of Arvest Bank Group, Inc.</description>
<summary>Mr. Walton is the Chairman and CEO of Arvest Bank Group, Inc., a group of banks operating in the states of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Mr. Walton also serves as Chairman of Community Publishers, Inc., which operates newspapers in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Mr. Walton has been a member of the Board since 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1949-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-01 15:04:22</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1020/Jim_C_Walton</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1020.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>16</id>
<entity1_id>1020</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:08</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/16</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/16.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1021</id>
<name>Arne M Sorenson</name>
<description/>
<summary>Mr. Sorenson is the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Marriott International, Inc., a position he has held since 1998. Since 2003, Mr. Sorenson has also held the additional title of President, Continental European Lodging. Mr. Sorenson joined Marriott in 1996 as Senior Vice President of Business Development. Prior to joining Marriott, he was a partner in the law firm of Latham & Watkins in Washington, D.C. Mr. Sorenson is standing for election to the Board for the first time.</summary>
<start_date>1959-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-09-27 19:16:57</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1021/Arne_M_Sorenson</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1021.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>17</id>
<entity1_id>1021</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/17</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/17.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1027</id>
<name>John B Menzer</name>
<description>Chief Executive Officer, Michaels Stores, Inc.</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-11-18 00:10:23</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1027/John_B_Menzer</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1027.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>26</id>
<entity1_id>1027</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:54</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/26</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/26.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1007</id>
<name>Linda S Wolf</name>
<description/>
<summary>Ms. Wolf is the former Chairman and CEO of Leo Burnett Worldwide, Inc., an advertising agency and division of Publicis Groupe S.A. Ms. Wolf served in various positions with Leo Burnett Worldwide, Inc. and its predecessors from 1978 to April 2005. She serves as a trustee for investment funds advised by the Janus Capital Group Inc. and serves on the board of InnerWorkings, Inc. Ms. Wolf has been a member of the Board since 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1948-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-02-17 11:31:46</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1007/Linda_S_Wolf</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1007.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>2</id>
<entity1_id>1007</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:10</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/2</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/2.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1023</id>
<name>Thomas D Hyde</name>
<description>Executive Vice President - Legal, Compliance, Ethics and Corporate Secretary</description>
<summary>Tom oversees the company’s legal, ethics, global security, aviation and travel departments. He is also corporate secretary.
Tom joined Wal-Mart in July 2001 after serving as Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Raytheon Company. At Raytheon since 1992, he was responsible for legal, corporate secretarial, ethics, export control, real estate, insurance, environment, and health and safety issues.
Prior to joining Raytheon, Tom served in a number of key legal, financial, international, and general management positions for several companies including Denver-based Manville Corporation (a building products manufacturer), and St. Louis-based Emerson Electric (a diversified manufacturing company).
A native of Kansas City, Tom graduated from the University of Kansas in 1970 with an English degree. He received his law degree from the University of Missouri in 1975 and earned a master of business administration in finance from the University of Kansas in 1981.</summary>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2009-11-09 23:07:36</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1023/Thomas_D_Hyde</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1023.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>20</id>
<entity1_id>1023</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:50</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/20</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/20.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1010</id>
<name>James W Breyer</name>
<description>Firm owns 10% of Facebook</description>
<summary>Mr. Breyer is a Managing Partner of Accel Partners, a venture capital firm. He also serves as a director of RealNetworks, Inc., Marvel Entertainment, Inc., and several private companies. Mr. Breyer has been a member of the Wal Mart Board since 2001.
Jim worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company in New York, and in product marketing and management at Apple Computer and Hewlett Packard.
Jim is the former Chairman of the National Venture Capital Association, a former President of the Western Association of Venture Capitalists, and on the Board of the Associates of the Harvard Business School, Pacific Community Ventures, Stanford Technology Ventures Program, Technet, and a Trustee of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), and of The Menlo School. Jim is Chairman of the Stanford Engineering Venture Fund, former Chairman of the Harvard Business School California Research Center, and is the former Chairman of the Silicon Valley region committee for Stanford University's Campaign for Undergraduate Education. He is also a member of various World Economic Forum committees, and a member of the Lead Director Network. In December 2005, Jim was appointed an Honorary Professor at the 1,000 year-old Yuelu Academy, Hunan University, China. He graduated with highest distinction from Stanford University with a B.S. degree and from Harvard University with an M.B.A. where he was named a Baker Scholar (top 5% of class).
</summary>
<start_date>1962-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-01 21:55:37</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1010/James_W_Breyer</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1010.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>5</id>
<entity1_id>1010</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2001-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/5</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/5.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1011</id>
<name>Christopher J Williams</name>
<description>Chairman and CEO of Williams Capital Group</description>
<summary>Christopher J. Williams is Chairman, CEO and founder of The Williams Capital Group, L.P. and Williams Capital Management, LLC.
Mr. Williams began his career with Lehman Brothers in New York, where he was most recently a Senior Vice President with responsibilities in debt capital markets, derivatives and fixed income securities trading. Upon leaving Lehman Brothers in 1992, Mr. Williams formed Williams Financial Markets, a division of Jefferies & Company, which specialized in structuring debt financings for investment grade corporate issuers.
Chris Williams founded Williams Capital in 1994 and has since directed the firm's strategic effort in investment banking and its expansion into asset management. In 2008, the firm served as lead or co-manager on nearly 250 corporate debt, agency, and equity offerings with a total face amount of over $320 billion. Williams Capital consistently ranks among the top 15 most active underwriters of corporate debt.
Black Enterprise magazine has ranked Williams Capital as the #1 minority-owned investment bank in five of the last six years. Additionally, both Fortune magazine and Crain’s New York Business selected Chris Williams as one of the most powerful minority business leaders in America.
Mr. Williams serves on the board of directors of Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. He is also an active board member of several higher education institutions, not-for profit organizations, and corporations. These memberships include Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Partnership for New York City, Teachers College at Columbia University, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Mr. Williams is a member of the Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) and the Economic Club of New York and remains a longstanding supporter of the Fresh Air Fund and Partnership with Children.
Chris Williams holds a Master of Business Administration from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College and a Bachelor of Architecture from Howard University.</summary>
<start_date>1958-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-08 17:36:11</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1011/Christopher_J_Williams</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1011.xml</api_uri>
<types>Person,BusinessPerson</types>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>6</id>
<entity1_id>1011</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/6</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/6.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
</RelatedEntities>
</Data>
</Response>
Note that sum of Entities returned when "is_current" is set to 1 and the number returned when "is_current" is set to 0 doesn't necessarily add up to the number returned when "is_current" is omitted, because Relationship records often don't have a value for "is_current".
There are three sort methods for this resource, specified by the "sort" GET parameter. The default, sorting by Entity, will return a list of Relationships grouped by related Entity, ordered by number of relationships between that related Entity and the given Entity. Sorting by "category" will return a list of Relationships grouped first by category, then by related Entity. Sorting by "relationship" will return an unsorted list of Relationships along with the related Entity for each one.
For organizations, you can make a request for just its board members and executives. These requests will additionally return all the relationships between the leadership members and the organization, and accepts an optional "is_current" parameter:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Leaders>15</Leaders>
<Relationships>23</Relationships>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<is_current>1</is_current>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Leaders>
<Entity>
<id>1007</id>
<name>Linda S Wolf</name>
<description/>
<summary>Ms. Wolf is the former Chairman and CEO of Leo Burnett Worldwide, Inc., an advertising agency and division of Publicis Groupe S.A. Ms. Wolf served in various positions with Leo Burnett Worldwide, Inc. and its predecessors from 1978 to April 2005. She serves as a trustee for investment funds advised by the Janus Capital Group Inc. and serves on the board of InnerWorkings, Inc. Ms. Wolf has been a member of the Board since 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1948-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-02-17 11:31:46</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1007/Linda_S_Wolf</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1007.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>2</id>
<entity1_id>1007</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:10</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/2</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/2.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1008</id>
<name>Aida M Alvarez</name>
<description/>
<summary>Ms. Alvarez is the former Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration and was a member of President Clinton's Cabinet from 1997 to 2001. She was the founding Director of the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, the financial regulator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, from 1993 to 1997. Ms. Alvarez was a vice president in public finance at First Boston Corporation and Bear Stearns & Co., Inc. prior to 1993. She is presently Chair of the Latino Community Foundation of San Francisco and a director of UnionBanCal Corporation. Ms. Alvarez also serves on the diversity advisory board for Deloitte & Touche LLP. Ms. Alvarez has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
<start_date>1950-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2009-10-26 16:26:29</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1008/Aida_M_Alvarez</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1008.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>3</id>
<entity1_id>1008</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:01</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/3</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/3.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1009</id>
<name>Gregory Boyd Penner</name>
<description>General Partner at Madrone Capital Partners</description>
<summary>Mr. Penner has been a General Partner at Madrone Capital Partners, an investment management firm, since 2005. From 2002 to 2005, he served as Wal-Mart's Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer - Japan. Prior to working for Wal-Mart, Mr. Penner was a General Partner at Peninsula Capital, an early stage venture capital fund, and a financial analyst for Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Penner is a member of the board of directors of Baidu.com, Inc., 99Bill Corporation, Cuill Inc., and Global Hyatt Corporation. Mr. Penner is standing for election to the Board for the first time.</summary>
<start_date>1970-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-14 19:47:09</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1009/Gregory_Boyd_Penner</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1009.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>4</id>
<entity1_id>1009</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:36</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/4</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/4.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1010</id>
<name>James W Breyer</name>
<description>Firm owns 10% of Facebook</description>
<summary>Mr. Breyer is a Managing Partner of Accel Partners, a venture capital firm. He also serves as a director of RealNetworks, Inc., Marvel Entertainment, Inc., and several private companies. Mr. Breyer has been a member of the Wal Mart Board since 2001.
Jim worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company in New York, and in product marketing and management at Apple Computer and Hewlett Packard.
Jim is the former Chairman of the National Venture Capital Association, a former President of the Western Association of Venture Capitalists, and on the Board of the Associates of the Harvard Business School, Pacific Community Ventures, Stanford Technology Ventures Program, Technet, and a Trustee of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), and of The Menlo School. Jim is Chairman of the Stanford Engineering Venture Fund, former Chairman of the Harvard Business School California Research Center, and is the former Chairman of the Silicon Valley region committee for Stanford University's Campaign for Undergraduate Education. He is also a member of various World Economic Forum committees, and a member of the Lead Director Network. In December 2005, Jim was appointed an Honorary Professor at the 1,000 year-old Yuelu Academy, Hunan University, China. He graduated with highest distinction from Stanford University with a B.S. degree and from Harvard University with an M.B.A. where he was named a Baker Scholar (top 5% of class).
</summary>
<start_date>1962-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-01 21:55:37</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1010/James_W_Breyer</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1010.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>5</id>
<entity1_id>1010</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2001-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/5</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/5.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1011</id>
<name>Christopher J Williams</name>
<description>Chairman and CEO of Williams Capital Group</description>
<summary>Christopher J. Williams is Chairman, CEO and founder of The Williams Capital Group, L.P. and Williams Capital Management, LLC.
Mr. Williams began his career with Lehman Brothers in New York, where he was most recently a Senior Vice President with responsibilities in debt capital markets, derivatives and fixed income securities trading. Upon leaving Lehman Brothers in 1992, Mr. Williams formed Williams Financial Markets, a division of Jefferies & Company, which specialized in structuring debt financings for investment grade corporate issuers.
Chris Williams founded Williams Capital in 1994 and has since directed the firm's strategic effort in investment banking and its expansion into asset management. In 2008, the firm served as lead or co-manager on nearly 250 corporate debt, agency, and equity offerings with a total face amount of over $320 billion. Williams Capital consistently ranks among the top 15 most active underwriters of corporate debt.
Black Enterprise magazine has ranked Williams Capital as the #1 minority-owned investment bank in five of the last six years. Additionally, both Fortune magazine and Crain’s New York Business selected Chris Williams as one of the most powerful minority business leaders in America.
Mr. Williams serves on the board of directors of Harrah’s Entertainment, Inc. and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. He is also an active board member of several higher education institutions, not-for profit organizations, and corporations. These memberships include Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Partnership for New York City, Teachers College at Columbia University, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Mr. Williams is a member of the Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) and the Economic Club of New York and remains a longstanding supporter of the Fresh Air Fund and Partnership with Children.
Chris Williams holds a Master of Business Administration from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College and a Bachelor of Architecture from Howard University.</summary>
<start_date>1958-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-08 17:36:11</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1011/Christopher_J_Williams</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1011.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>6</id>
<entity1_id>1011</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/6</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/6.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1014</id>
<name>Douglas N Daft</name>
<description/>
<summary>Mr. Daft is the retired Chairman and CEO of The Coca-Cola Company, a beverage manufacturer, where he served in that capacity from February 2000 until May 2004 and in various other capacities since 1969. Mr. Daft serves as a director of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. and Sistema-Hals. Mr. Daft has been a member of the Board since January 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1943-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-08-06 09:33:22</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1014/Douglas_N_Daft</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1014.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>10</id>
<entity1_id>1014</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/10</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/10.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1016</id>
<name>Michael T Duke</name>
<description>CEO of Walmart</description>
<summary>Mike Duke is the president and chief executive officer of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Walmart). From 2005 to February 2009, Mike served as vice chairman of the company, with responsibility for Walmart International.
As CEO, Mike leads a strong management team that is focused on keeping Walmart’s mission of “saving people money so they can live better†relevant to every customer, every day. The company also continues to broaden and accelerate its global efforts on environmental sustainability, responsible sourcing and associate opportunity.
Since joining Walmart in 1995, Mike has led the logistics, distribution and administration divisions as well as Walmart U.S. As vice chairman, Mike was actively involved in developing and executing corporate strategy. He focused on setting higher standards of excellence for the company’s resources and people — from the redesign of logistics and merchandise distribution systems, to the recruitment of talent, and development of strong teams.
Under Mike’s leadership, the company’s international business became a fast-growing part of Walmart’s overall operations. In leading Walmart’s expansion into mature and emerging markets, Mike built an international management team that delivered strong operational results in a complex global environment.
Prior to joining the company, Mike had 23 years of experience in retailing with Federated Department Stores and May Department Stores.
Mike serves on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the board of directors of The Consumer Goods Forum, the executive committee of Business Roundtable and is on the executive board of Conservation International's Center for Environment Leadership in Business. He also serves on the board of advisors for the University of Arkansas and the advisory board of the Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management in Beijing, China. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering.
Mike graduated from Georgia Tech with a bachelor’s degree in industrial engineering. He and his wife, Susan, have two daughters and a son.</summary>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-08-31 15:31:43</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1016/Michael_T_Duke</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1016.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>12</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:12:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/12</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/12.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264025</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264025</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264025.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>339039</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2009-02-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/339039</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/339039.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1018</id>
<name>M Michele Burns</name>
<description/>
<summary>Ms. Burns is the Chairman and CEO of Mercer LLC, a subsidiary of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. She joined Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a global professional services and consulting firm, in March 2006 and served as Executive Vice President and CFO until September 2006. She is the former Executive Vice President, CFO, and Chief Restructuring Officer of Mirant Corporation, an energy company, where she served from April 2004 to December 2005. She served as the Executive Vice President and CFO of Delta Air Lines, Inc., an air carrier, from August 2000 through April 2004. She also serves as a director of Cisco Systems, Inc. Ms. Burns has been a member of the Board since 2003.</summary>
<start_date>1958-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-10-28 14:56:39</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1018/M_Michele_Burns</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1018.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>14</id>
<entity1_id>1018</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/14</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/14.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1019</id>
<name>Roger C Corbett</name>
<description/>
<summary>Mr. Corbett is the retired CEO and Group Managing Director of Woolworths Limited, the largest retail company in Australia. Mr. Corbett is a director of The Reserve Bank of Australia, Fairfax Media Limited (a major Australian newspaper publisher), Chairman of the board of directors of ALH Group Pty Limited and Deputy Chairman of PrimeAg Australia (a major Australian farming enterprise). He is a former member of the Prime Minister's Community Business Partnership and serves on the board of Outback Stores (a joint venture with the Australian government providing indigenous Australians in small outback communities with retail facilities). He is a member of the Advisory Council of the Australian Graduate School of Management for the University of New South Wales. Mr. Corbett is also the Chairman of CIES Food Business Forum (France), the Salvation Army Advisory Committee, the Children's Hospital of Westmead Advisory Board, and Chairman of the Council and member of the Executive Committee of Shore School. Mr. Corbett has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
<start_date>1943-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2008-11-14 09:26:26</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1019/Roger_C_Corbett</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1019.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>15</id>
<entity1_id>1019</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/15</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/15.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1020</id>
<name>Jim C Walton</name>
<description>Chairman and CEO of Arvest Bank Group, Inc.</description>
<summary>Mr. Walton is the Chairman and CEO of Arvest Bank Group, Inc., a group of banks operating in the states of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Mr. Walton also serves as Chairman of Community Publishers, Inc., which operates newspapers in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Mr. Walton has been a member of the Board since 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1949-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-01 15:04:22</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1020/Jim_C_Walton</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1020.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>16</id>
<entity1_id>1020</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:08</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/16</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/16.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264022</id>
<entity1_id>1020</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>10</category_id>
<description1>major shareholder</description1>
<description2>major shareholder</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264022</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264022.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1021</id>
<name>Arne M Sorenson</name>
<description/>
<summary>Mr. Sorenson is the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Marriott International, Inc., a position he has held since 1998. Since 2003, Mr. Sorenson has also held the additional title of President, Continental European Lodging. Mr. Sorenson joined Marriott in 1996 as Senior Vice President of Business Development. Prior to joining Marriott, he was a partner in the law firm of Latham & Watkins in Washington, D.C. Mr. Sorenson is standing for election to the Board for the first time.</summary>
<start_date>1959-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-09-27 19:16:57</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1021/Arne_M_Sorenson</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1021.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>17</id>
<entity1_id>1021</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/17</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/17.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1026</id>
<name>Lee Scott</name>
<description>former CEO Wal-Mart</description>
<summary>Mr. Scott is the President and CEO of Wal-Mart and has served in that position since January 2000. Prior to this appointment, he held other positions with Wal-Mart since joining the Company in September 1979, including Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer from January 1999 to January 2000, and Executive Vice President and President and CEO, Wal-Mart Stores Division from January 1998 to January 1999. He has been a member of the Board since 1999.</summary>
<start_date>1949-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:52:23</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1026/Lee_Scott</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1026.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>24</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/24</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/24.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>25</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/25</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/25.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1029</id>
<name>S Robson Walton</name>
<description>Chairman of Wal-Mart</description>
<summary>Mr. Walton is the Chairman of Wal-Mart and has been a member of the Board since 1978.
Son of Wal-Mart pioneer Sam Walton (d. 1992) and siblings, sister-in-law reclaim spot in Forbes 400 Top 10 after falling off last year. Wal-Mart shares up 45% since last September, as cash-strapped consumers head to discount-driven superstores in droves. Also profiting from stake in solar-paneling outfit First Solar; shares up 120% in past 12 months. Sam started as J.C. Penney clerk in 1940; opened Newport, Ark. five-and-dime store Benjamin Franklin 5 years later. Lost lease in 1950. With brother James started general-store chain in Bentonville, Ark., 1962. Today Wal-Mart is world's largest retailer: 7,300 stores, 2 million employees serve 200 million customers. Sales: $378 billion. Rob is Wal-Mart chairman; helping company become eco-friendly through partnership with environmental group Conservation International. </summary>
<start_date>1944-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-05 01:25:03</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1029/S_Robson_Walton</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1029.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>28</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1978-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/28</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/28.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>29</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:57</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/29</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/29.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264028</id>
<entity1_id>1029</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>10</category_id>
<description1>major shareholder</description1>
<description2>major shareholder</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264028</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264028.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1033</id>
<name>Steven S Reinemund</name>
<description>retired executive chairman of PepsiCo</description>
<summary>Principal Occupation: Retired Executive Chairman of the Board, PepsiCo. Recent Business Experience: Mr. Reinemund served as Executive Chairman of the Board of PepsiCo from 2006 to 2007; was elected Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board in 2001; President and Chief Operating Officer in 1999; and Director in 1996. He was also elected President and CEO of Frito-Lay in 1992 and Pizza Hut in 1986. Public Company Directorships: Johnson & Johnson; American Express; Marriott.</summary>
<start_date>1948-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-29 19:22:17</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1033/Steven_S_Reinemund</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1033.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>264021</id>
<entity1_id>1033</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:15</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264021</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264021.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>1109</id>
<name>James I Cash Jr</name>
<description/>
<summary>A graduate of Texas Christian University with MS and PhD degrees from Purdue University, Dr. Cash joined the faculty of Harvard Business School in 1976, where he served as chairman of the MBA program from 1992 to 1995, and served as chairman of HBS Publishing from 1998 until 2003. Dr. Cash retired from the Harvard Business School faculty in 2003. Dr. Cash is also a director of The Chubb Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. and Phase Forward, Inc. He also serves as a trustee of the Bert King Foundation and on the board of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) Foundation.
Dr. Cash is the James E. Robison Emeritus Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School, where he served from July 1976 to October 2003. Dr. Cash also served as the Senior Associate Dean and Chairman of HBS Publishing while on the faculty of the Harvard Business School. Dr. Cash serves as a director of The Chubb Corporation, General Electric Company, Phase Forward Inc., and Microsoft Corporation. Dr. Cash has been a member of the Board since 2006.</summary>
<start_date>1948-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-06-14 21:01:20</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1109/James_I_Cash_Jr</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1109.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>9</id>
<entity1_id>1109</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-19 15:50:27</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/9</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/9.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>264020</id>
<entity1_id>1109</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-09-27 11:11:55</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264020</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264020.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
</Leaders>
</Data>
</Response>
For people, you can make a request for just the organizations of which they are executives and board members. These reqests will additionally return all the relationships between the person and the organization. Such requests accept optional "is_current" and "type" parameter, the latter of which limits results to organizations with the specified type (e.g. "PublicCompany"):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Orgs>14</Orgs>
<Relationships>20</Relationships>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1164</id>
<name>Robert E Rubin</name>
<description>Former Treasury Secretary and senior advisor at Citigroup</description>
<summary>Rubin has been one of the most influential figures in the Democratic Party over the last 15 years, particularly on economic issues. As a Clinton administration official, he helped shaped NAFTA, advocated for deficit reduction and a strong dollar, and oversaw the deregulation of many areas of the financial markets. Since 1999 he has been a top executive at Citigroup, a massive financial conglomerate that is currently the subject of a major government bailout.</summary>
<start_date>1939-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-29 19:22:21</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1164/Robert_E_Rubin</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1164.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Orgs>
<Entity>
<id>8</id>
<name>Citigroup</name>
<description>Major American bank</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.citigroup.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-24 15:47:57</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/8/Citigroup</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/8.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>192</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>8</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-09-25 14:34:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/192</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/192.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>193</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>8</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2007-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-26 10:20:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/193</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/193.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>116809</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>8</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Senior Counselor</description1>
<description2>Senior Counselor</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2008-08-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-01-09</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2009-01-12 11:06:57</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/116809</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/116809.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>116810</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>8</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman of the Executive Committee</description1>
<description2>Chairman of the Executive Committee</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-08-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2009-01-12 11:14:17</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/116810</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/116810.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>14629</id>
<name>Department of the Treasury</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id>78792</parent_id>
<updated_at>2012-01-10 05:33:57</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/14629/Department_of_the_Treasury</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/14629.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>26319</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14629</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Secretary of Treasury</description1>
<description2>Secretary of Treasury</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1995-01-20</start_date>
<end_date>1999-01-10</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-07 16:42:11</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/26319</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/26319.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>14730</id>
<name>Harvard University</name>
<description>Elite private university located in Cambridge, MA</description>
<summary/>
<start_date>1636-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.harvard.edu</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-05 16:32:31</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/14730/Harvard_University</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/14730.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>56598</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>14730</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Fellow</description1>
<description2>Fellow</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-04-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-14 18:21:29</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/56598</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/56598.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>20</id>
<name>Goldman Sachs</name>
<description>Investment Firm fka Goldman, Sachs & Co.</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.gs.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-06 16:39:45</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/20/Goldman_Sachs</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/20.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>90187</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>20</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Co-Chairman</description1>
<description2>Co-Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-24 12:14:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/90187</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/90187.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>117857</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>20</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Head of Risk Arbitrage</description1>
<description2>Head of Risk Arbitrage</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2009-03-09 15:17:06</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/117857</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/117857.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33220</id>
<name>Transition Economic Advisory Board</name>
<description>Economic advisory group during the presidential transition</description>
<summary/>
<start_date>2008-11-07</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id>33161</parent_id>
<updated_at>2008-12-18 12:31:34</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33220/Transition_Economic_Advisory_Board</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33220.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>90342</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33220</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Member</description1>
<description2>Member</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2008-11-07</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-29 21:26:42</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/90342</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/90342.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33271</id>
<name>Council on Foreign Relations</name>
<description>The most prestigious US foreign policy think tank</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-06 16:35:22</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33271/Council_on_Foreign_Relations</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33271.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>91150</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33271</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Co-Chairman</description1>
<description2>Co-Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 11:09:29</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/91150</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/91150.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>325821</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33271</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2000-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-16 14:52:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/325821</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/325821.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>325840</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33271</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>vice chair</description1>
<description2>vice chair</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2007-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-16 14:53:19</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/325840</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/325840.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33850</id>
<name>Concord Coalition</name>
<description>Political advocacy group focused on balanced budgets</description>
<summary>The Concord Coalition is a nationwide, non-partisan, grassroots organization advocating generationally responsible fiscal policy. The Concord Coalition was founded in 1992 by the late former Senator Paul Tsongas (D-Mass.), former Senator Warren Rudman (R-N.H.), and former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Peter Peterson. Former Senator Bob Kerrey (D-Ne.) was named a co-chair of the Concord Coalition in January 2002.
The Concord Coalition is dedicated to educating the public about the causes and consequences of federal budget deficits, the long-term challenges facing America's unsustainable entitlement programs, and how to build a sound economy for future generations. The Concord Coalition's national field staff and loyal group of volunteers cover the country, holding lectures, interactive exercises, conducting classes, giving media interviews, and briefing elected officials and their staffs.</summary>
<start_date>1992-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.concordcoalition.org/</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-06-18 14:50:39</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33850/Concord_Coalition</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33850.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>116672</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33850</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2009-01-07 21:11:05</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/116672</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/116672.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>37224</id>
<name>Mount Sinai Medical Center</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-10-14 23:27:43</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/37224/Mount_Sinai_Medical_Center</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/37224.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>206628</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>37224</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Board Member</description1>
<description2>Board Member</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2009-12-21 23:36:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/206628</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/206628.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>7</id>
<name>Ford Motor</name>
<description>Automobile Manufacturer</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.ford.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-05 20:57:29</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/7/Ford_Motor</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/7.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>241262</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>7</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Member, Board of Directors</description1>
<description2>Member, Board of Directors</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2000-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2006-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-04-01 12:45:57</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/241262</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/241262.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>69298</id>
<name>Centerview Partners</name>
<description>investment banking advisory business</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-11-21 21:55:44</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/69298/Centerview_Partners</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/69298.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>293124</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>69298</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>senior counselor</description1>
<description2>senior counselor</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-12-27 02:00:44</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/293124</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/293124.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>48929</id>
<name>Local Initiatives Support Corporation</name>
<description>LISC is dedicated to helping nonprofit community development organizations transform distressed neighborhoods</description>
<summary>(LISC) is dedicated to helping community residents transform distressed neighborhoods into healthy and sustainable communities of choice and opportunity — good places to work, do business and raise children. LISC mobilizes corporate, government and philanthropic support to provide local community development organizations with:
•loans, grants and equity investments
•local, statewide and national policy support
•technical and management assistance
LISC is a national organization with a community focus. Our program staff are based in every city and many of the rural areas where LISC-supported community development takes shape. In collaboration with local community development groups, LISC staff help identify priorities and challenges, delivering the most appropriate support to meet local needs.
Established by the Ford Foundation in 1979</summary>
<start_date>1979-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.lisc.org/</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 10:27:24</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/48929/Local_Initiatives_Support_Corporation</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/48929.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>298404</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>48929</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 09:49:26</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/298404</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/298404.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>37889</id>
<name>New York Stock Exchange</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-30 21:56:10</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/37889/New_York_Stock_Exchange</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/37889.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>298436</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>37889</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 10:36:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/298436</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/298436.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>34931</id>
<name>Harvard Management Company</name>
<description>Manages much of Harvard's endowment</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id>14730</parent_id>
<updated_at>2011-11-30 07:04:28</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/34931/Harvard_Management_Company</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/34931.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>298437</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>34931</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 10:37:07</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/298437</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/298437.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33545</id>
<name>Carnegie Corporation of New York</name>
<description>Major philanthropic organization</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-05 18:21:02</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33545/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33545.xml</api_uri>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>298438</id>
<entity1_id>1164</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>33545</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Trustee</description1>
<description2>Trustee</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-07 10:37:30</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/298438</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/298438.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Entity>
</Orgs>
</Data>
</Response>
LittleSis can provide a list of all the Entities two-degrees removed by Relationships from the given Entity. The returned "second degree" Entities are bundled with the IDs of all the "first degree" (directly-related) Entities they're connected to the given Entity through. A request for second degree Entities can be made with paging parameters (the "num" parameter is set to 20 by default for this resource), as well as "cat1_ids" and "cat2_ids" parameters for specifying the categories of Relationships that the given Entity, first degree Entitiies, and second degree Entities should be connected through. Similarly, "order1" and "order2" specify the order of the given Entity in the first degree Relationship and the order of the first degree Entity in the second degree Relationship.
For example, to find all organizations that people who've had positions in Wal-Mart have also had positions in:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Degree2Entities>20</Degree2Entities>
<Degree1Entities>18</Degree1Entities>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<cat1_ids>1</cat1_ids>
<order1>2</order1>
<cat2_ids>1</cat2_ids>
<order2>1</order2>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Degree2Entities>
<Entity>
<id>20</id>
<name>Goldman Sachs</name>
<description>Investment Firm fka Goldman, Sachs & Co.</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.gs.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-06 16:39:45</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/20/Goldman_Sachs</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/20.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>3</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1026,1353,1018</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>14</id>
<name>Hewlett-Packard</name>
<description>Computer and home electronics manufacturer</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.hp.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-27 14:47:04</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/14/Hewlett-Packard</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/14.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>40923,40924</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>34</id>
<name>Dell</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.dell.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 15:59:56</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/34/Dell</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/34.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1010,40924</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>72</id>
<name>Cisco Systems</name>
<description>Internet solutions company that provides hardware, software and services to indiciduals and businesses </description>
<summary>Cisco Systems, Inc. is the worldwide leader in networking for the Internet. Today, networks are an essential part of business, education, government and home communications, and Cisco Internet Protocol-based (IP) networking solutions are the foundation of these networks.
Cisco hardware, software, and service offerings are used to create Internet solutions that allow individuals, companies, and countries to increase productivity, improve customer satisfaction and strengthen competitive advantage. The Cisco name has become synonymous with the Internet, as well as with the productivity improvements that Internet business solutions provide. At Cisco, our vision is to change the way people work, live, play and learn.</summary>
<start_date>1984-12-10</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.cisco.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-05 18:40:29</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/72/Cisco_Systems</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/72.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1018,2167</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>198</id>
<name>Marriott International, Inc.</name>
<description>Hotel/Lodging company</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.marriott.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-31 08:57:18</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/198/Marriott_International,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/198.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1033,1021</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33342</id>
<name>Harvard Business School</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id>14730</parent_id>
<updated_at>2012-01-25 10:08:24</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33342/Harvard_Business_School</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33342.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1109,1010</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33692</id>
<name>Facebook</name>
<description>Online directory and social network</description>
<summary>On February 4th, 2004 Mark Zuckerberg launched The Facebook, a social network that was at the time exclusively for Harvard students. It was a huge hit: in 2 weeks, half of the schools in the Boston area began demanding a Facebook network. Zuckerberg immediately recruited his friends Dustin Moskowitz and Chris Hughes to help build Facebook, and within four months, Facebook added 30 more college networks.</summary>
<start_date>2004-02-04</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 10:12:39</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/33692/Facebook</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/33692.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>72454,1010</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>49186</id>
<name>School of Economics and Management Tsinghua University</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2010-12-18 14:42:58</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/49186/School_of_Economics_and_Management_Tsinghua_University</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/49186.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1026,1016</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>66860</id>
<name>Walton Family Foundation Inc</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-14 18:32:37</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/66860/Walton_Family_Foundation_Inc</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/66860.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>2</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1029,1020</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>2</id>
<name>Exxon Mobil</name>
<description>Oil and gas exploration, production, and marketing</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.exxonmobil.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-22 11:57:05</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/2/Exxon_Mobil</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/2.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1033</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>6</id>
<name>General Electric</name>
<description>Energy</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.ge.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:09:28</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/6/General_Electric</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/6.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1109</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>15</id>
<name>IBM</name>
<description>Providing hardware, software, and consulting and related services.</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.ibm.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:09:28</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/15/IBM</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/15.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>2167</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>22</id>
<name>The Home Depot, Inc.</name>
<description>Home improvement supplies retailer</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.homedepot.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-12 23:05:12</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/22/The_Home_Depot,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/22.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1384</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>35</id>
<name>Johnson & Johnson</name>
<description>Pharmaceutical Company</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.jnj.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-12-16 09:56:00</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/35/Johnson_&_Johnson</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/35.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1033</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>37</id>
<name>Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc</name>
<description>formerly the 4th largest investment bank in the USA (before 2008 bankruptcy)</description>
<summary>Lehman Brothers was founded in 1850 by two cotton brokers in Montgomery, Ala. The firm moved to New York City after the Civil War and grew into one of Wall Street's investment giants.
Shearson/American Express, an American Express-owned securities company focused on brokerage rather than investment banking, acquired Lehman in 1984, for $360 million. On May 11, the combined firms became Shearson Lehman/American Express.[29] In 1988, Shearson Lehman/American Express and E.F. Hutton & Co. merged as Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc.
In 1993 American Express began to divest itself of its banking and brokerage operations. It sold its retail brokerage and asset management operations to Primerica[33] and in 1994 it spun off Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb in an initial public offering, as Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc.
On Sept. 14, 2008, the investment bank announced that it would file for liquidation after huge losses in the mortgage market and a loss of investor confidence crippled it and it was unable to find a buyer.</summary>
<start_date>1994-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2008-00-00</end_date>
<website>http://www.lehman.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-25 10:14:15</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/37/Lehman_Brothers_Holdings,_Inc</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/37.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1011</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>43</id>
<name>MetLife</name>
<description>Insurance and Financial Service Provider</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.metlife.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-02-18 21:43:32</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/43/MetLife</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/43.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1017</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>44</id>
<name>Microsoft Corporation</name>
<description>computer technology</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.microsoft.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-09 23:14:46</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/44/Microsoft_Corporation</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/44.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1109</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>54</id>
<name>Fannie Mae</name>
<description>federal mortgage giant</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.fanniemae.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-06 11:33:20</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/54/Fannie_Mae</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/54.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1353</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>56</id>
<name>Safeway</name>
<description>Grocery retailer and manufacturer</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.safeway.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-09 13:35:10</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/56/Safeway</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/56.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1384</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>60</id>
<name>PepsiCo, Inc. </name>
<description>Domestic and international beverage and snack food company</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.pepsico.com</website>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:09:27</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/60/PepsiCo,_Inc._</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/60.xml</api_uri>
<degree1_num>1</degree1_num>
<degree1_ids>1033</degree1_ids>
</Entity>
</Degree2Entities>
</Data>
</Response>
Request a list of Lists the given Entity belongs to:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Lists>4</Lists>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Lists>
<List>
<id>1</id>
<name>Fortune 1000 Companies (2008)</name>
<description>Fortune Magazine's list of the 1000 US companies with the largest published revenue figures.</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2012-01-14 08:47:09</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/1/Fortune_1000_Companies_(2008)</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/1.xml</api_uri>
</List>
<List>
<id>79</id>
<name>United States</name>
<description>People and organizations with significant influence on the policies of the United States.</description>
<is_ranked>0</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2012-02-07 18:31:58</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/79/United_States</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/79.xml</api_uri>
</List>
<List>
<id>110</id>
<name>Fortune 1000 Companies (2010)</name>
<description>Fortune Magazine's list of the 1000 US companies with the largest published revenue figures.</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2012-01-13 11:42:07</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/110/Fortune_1000_Companies_(2010)</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/110.xml</api_uri>
</List>
<List>
<id>110</id>
<name>Fortune 1000 Companies (2010)</name>
<description>Fortune Magazine's list of the 1000 US companies with the largest published revenue figures.</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2012-01-13 11:42:07</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/110/Fortune_1000_Companies_(2010)</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/110.xml</api_uri>
</List>
</Lists>
</Data>
</Response>
Request a list of Entities that are suborganizations of the given Entity:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<ChildOrgs>0</ChildOrgs>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<ChildOrgs>
</ChildOrgs>
</Data>
</Response>
Request a list of LittleSis images for a given Entity:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Images>1</Images>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Images>
<Image>
<id>5473</id>
<title>Organization logo</title>
<caption/>
<is_featured>1</is_featured>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/images/profile/50866f05282278fdf323fc690dc2208697f0d199_1227028586.png</uri>
<source>http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3d/Wal-Mart_logo.svg</source>
</Image>
</Images>
</Data>
</Response>
Request the profile image for a given Entity with http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1/image. If no profile image is set, a blank response with a 404 status will be returned.
The resource for searching for Entities by text accepts paging parameters plus three others. The "q" parameter is required and specifies the text to match. The search text can contain multiple terms separated by spaces; terms less than two characters long will be ignored. By default, Entity names and Aliases will be searched. If an optional "search_all" parameter has a value of 1, an Entity's description and summary will also be searched. The optional "type_ids" parameter limits the search results to Entities with one of the specified types.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<TotalCount>70</TotalCount>
<ResultCount>
<Entities>20</Entities>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<q>treasury</q>
<type_ids>35</type_ids>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entities>
<Entity>
<id>2425</id>
<name>Neal S Wolin</name>
<description>Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (Confirmed May 18, 2009)</description>
<summary>Neal S. Wolin is President and Chief Operating Officer for Property and Casualty operations of The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. He is also a member of the company's Office of the Chairman.
Until January 2001, Wolin served as the general counsel of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, a position for which he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and appointed by President Clinton in November, 1999. As general counsel, he was the chief legal officer of the Department and provided legal and policy advice to Treasury Secretaries Rubin and Summers and senior Department officials on the full range of issues under Treasury's jurisdiction. In January 2001, Secretary Summers awarded Wolin the Alexander Hamilton Award, the highest honor given by the Secretary of the Treasury. From 1995 to 1999, Wolin served as the deputy general counsel of the Treasury Department.
Prior to joining the Treasury Department, Wolin served in the White House as the executive assistant to National Security Advisor Anthony Lake and then Deputy National Secretary Advisor Samuel R. Berger. Prior to that, Wolin was the deputy legal adviser of the National Security Council, providing foreign affairs and national security legal advice to the National Security Advisor and the Counsel to the President. Wolin has also served as special assistant to three directors of Central Intelligence: William H. Webster, Robert M. Gates, and R. James Woolsey.
Before joining the federal government, Wolin practiced law in Washington D.C. with the law firm of Wilmer, Cutler, and Pickering, and as law clerk for United States District Judge Eugene H. Nickerson in the Eastern District of New York.
Wolin received a B.A. degree in history summa cum laude from Yale College. After college, he studied at Balliol College at the University of Oxford as a Charles and Julia Henry Fellow, earning a Master of Science degree in Development Economics. He received a J.D. degree from Yale Law School, where he was a Coker Teaching Fellow in Constitutional Law.
Wolin is a member of the bars of Connecticut, Illinois, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Supreme Court. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Board of Overseers of the RAND Corporation's Institute for Civil Justice, the Board of Regents of the University of Hartford and the Board of Directors of the Appleseed Foundation. He is also a James W. Cooper Fellow of the Connecticut Bar Foundation. Mr. Wolin was appointed by President Clinton to be a member of the President's Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States, on which he served 1999-2000.</summary>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-04 18:18:05</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/2425/Neal_S_Wolin</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/2425.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>25829</id>
<name>Melissa Netram</name>
<description>FSR lobbyist; former McGraw-Hill lobbyist; former Treasury official</description>
<summary>Prior to joining the Roundtable, she worked for The McGraw-Hill Companies in D.C. as the Director of Privacy and Government Affairs, where she primarily worked on legislative and regulatory issues for Standard & Poor’s. Prior to McGraw-Hill, Melissa worked in several departments of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, including Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Compliance Policy, Office of Financial Institutions and GSE Policy, and in the Chief Counsel’s office at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Melissa holds a law degree from The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law and a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Villanova University.</summary>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-06-23 21:17:17</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/25829/Melissa_Netram</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/25829.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>28219</id>
<name>Tim Geithner</name>
<description>Treasury Secretary</description>
<summary>On January 26, 2009, Timothy F. Geithner was sworn in as the 75th Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury in a ceremony attended by President Barack H. Obama, and Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.
Before his nomination to the Treasury, Secretary Geithner served as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, where he began on November 17, 2003. In that capacity, he served as the vice chairman and a permanent member of the Federal Open Market Committee, the group responsible for formulating the nation's monetary policy.
Secretary Geithner first joined the Department of Treasury in 1988 and worked in three administrations for five Secretaries of the Treasury in a variety of positions. He served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs from 1999 to 2001 under Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers.
He was director of the Policy Development and Review Department at the International Monetary Fund from 2001 until 2003. Earlier in his career, Secretary Geithner worked for Kissinger Associates, Inc.
Secretary Geithner graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor’s degree in government and Asian studies in 1983 and from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies with a master’s in International Economics and East Asian Studies in 1985. He has studied Japanese and Chinese and has lived in East Africa, India, Thailand, China, and Japan.
He and his wife, Carole Sonnenfeld Geithner, have two children.</summary>
<start_date>1961-08-18</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-01-05 14:02:47</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/28219/Tim_Geithner</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/28219.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Entity>
<id>33186</id>
<name>Lael Brainard</name>
<description>Undersecretary of the Treasury-designate for International Affairs</description>
<summary>Nominated in March, 2009 by Obama to be Undersecretary of the Treasury for International Affairs. Held the positions of Vice President and Director of Global Economy and Development and
Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in International Economics at Brookings. Also the Director of the All Brookings Initiative on Competitiveness. Formerly White House Deputy National Economic Adviser and Associate Professor at MIT, she focuses on competitiveness, trade, international economics, U.S. foreign assistance and global poverty. </summary>
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<name>James Addison Baker III</name>
<description>Chief of Staff and Treasury Secretary under Reagan; Secretary of State under Bush I</description>
<summary>James A. Baker, III has served in senior government positions under three United States Presidents. He served as the nation's 61st Secretary of State from January 1989 through August 1992 under President George Bush. During his tenure at the State Department, Mr. Baker traveled to 90 foreign countries as the United States confronted the unprecedented challenges and opportunities of the post Cold War era. In 1995, Mr. Baker published The Politics of Diplomacy, his reflections on those years of revolution, war and peace.
Mr. Baker served as the 67th Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 under President Ronald Reagan. As Treasury Secretary, he was also Chairman of the President's Economic Policy Council. From 1981 to 1985, he served as White House Chief of Staff to President Reagan. Mr. Baker's record of public service began in 1975 as Under Secretary of Commerce to President Gerald Ford. It concluded with his service as White House Chief of Staff and Senior Counselor to President Bush from August 1992 to January 1993.
Long active in American presidential politics, Mr. Baker led presidential campaigns for Presidents Ford, Reagan and Bush over the course of five consecutive presidential elections from 1976 to 1992.
A native Houstonian, Mr. Baker graduated from Princeton University in 1952. After two years of active duty as a Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, he entered the University of Texas School of Law at Austin. He received his J.D. with honors in 1957, and practiced law with the Houston firm of Andrews and Kurth from 1957 to 1975.
Mr. Baker received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 and has been the recipient of many other awards for distinguished public service, including Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson Award, The American Institute for Public Service's Jefferson Award, Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government Award, The Hans J. Morgenthau Award, The George F. Kennan Award, the Department of the Treasury's Alexander Hamilton Award, the Department of State's Distinguished Service Award, and numerous honorary academic degrees.
Mr. Baker is presently a senior partner in the law firm of Baker Botts. He is Honorary Chairman of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University and serves on the board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. From 1997 to 2004, Mr. Baker served as the Personal Envoy of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to seek a political solution to the conflict over Western Sahara. In 2003, Mr. Baker was appointed Special Presidential Envoy for President George W. Bush on the issue of Iraqi debt.
Mr. Baker was born in Houston, Texas in 1930. He and his wife, the former Susan Garrett, currently reside in Houston, and have eight children and seventeen grandchildren.</summary>
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<name>Herbert M Allison Jr.</name>
<description>Former Fannie Mae, TIAA-CREF and Merrill Lynch executive; former Treasury official under Obama</description>
<summary>Herbert M. Allison, Jr. was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 19, 2009 to serve as the Department of the Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability. As Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability, Allison is responsible for developing and coordinating Treasury's policies on legislative and regulatory issues affecting financial stability, including overseeing the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP). Allison is also Counselor to the Secretary.
Most recently, Allison served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Fannie Mae. Prior to being appointed to Fannie Mae, he was Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of TIAA-CREF. Allison began his career at Merrill Lynch, where he served many roles and was ultimately elected President, Chief Operating Officer and a member of the Board.
He was a director of Time Warner and a member of the Advisory Board of the Yale School of Management, the Advisory Council of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's International Advisory Committee. Allison was a director of the New York Stock Exchange from 2003-2005.
Allison earned a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University and an M.B.A from Stanford University. He spent four years as an officer in the U.S. Navy, including a year in Vietnam. He is married and has two sons.</summary>
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<name>Bruce Bartlett</name>
<description>Washington Times columnist and Treasury official under George H W Bush</description>
<summary> Washington Times columnist Bruce Bartlett is a prolific author, having published more than 900 articles in national publications including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post, as well as in many prominent magazines such as Fortune. His twice-weekly column on economic policy is published in The Washington Times and Detroit News and is nationally syndicated by Creators Syndicate. And in 1996, one of his columns inspired Bob Dole's 15-percent tax reduction plan. He has also written for important academic journals and published four books, including Reaganomics: Supply-Side Economics in Action, published in 1981. Mr. Bartlett was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy at the U.S. Treasury Department, where he served from September 1988 to January 1993. In 1987 and 1988, he was a Senior Policy Analyst in the Office of Policy Development at the White House. From 1985 through 1987, he was a Senior Fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C. In 1981, Mr. Bartlett joined the staff of the Joint Economic Committee of Congress as Deputy Director, becoming Executive Director in 1983. Between 1979 and 1980, he worked for Senator Roger Jepsen of Iowa, where he was his chief legislative assistant. In 1977, he joined the staff of Congressman Jack Kemp of New York as a special assistant and staff economist, during which time he helped draft the famous Kemp-Roth tax bill. And in 1976, he served as a legislative assistant on the staff of Congressman Ron Paul of Texas.</summary>
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<name>Len Burman</name>
<description>Director and Senior Fellow of Urban Institute; Clinton Treasury official</description>
<summary>Leonard Burman is a Senior Fellow at the Urban Institute and director of the Tax Policy Center. He is an expert in public finance and modeling the effects of government policies on individuals' and firms' decisions. He has held high-level positions in both the executive and legislative branches, serving as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Tax Analysis at the Treasury from 1998 to 2000, and as Senior Analyst at the Congressional Budget Office. Dr. Burman is also a Visiting Professor at Georgetown University's Public Policy Institute, and had previously taught economics at George Washington University and Bates College.
Dr. Burman is the author of The Labyrinth of Capital Gains Tax Policy: A Guide for the Perplexed, and numerous articles, studies, and reports. Dr. Burman's current research is focused on the changing role of taxation in social policy, pension and retirement policy, estate taxation, the alternative minimum tax, and tax policy with respect to health insurance.</summary>
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<name>Ron Bloom</name>
<description>Chief Adviser to the Treasury Department on the Auto Industry (since July 2009); Senior Adviser for Manufacturing Policy (since September 2009)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Bloom has built a strong reputation in labor circles as an expert negotiator and former special assistant to the president of the United Steelworkers (USW). His Harvard University MBA and investment banker background made him a rare commodity for a labor negotiator, but has helped him drive a hard bargain at the table with business leaders.
As senior adviser to the Treasury and member of the Auto Task Force during the first half of 2009, Bloom helped Obama completely restructure the crippled U.S. auto industry during the nadir of the 2008-2009 economic crisis. On Labor Day 2009, Obama appointed Bloom as the adminstration's senior adviser for manufacturing policy, instructing him to create "good paying manufacturing jobs of the future." (1)
In July 2009, as Chrysler and GM restructuring efforts culminated and the two companies emerged from bankruptcy, Steven Rattner stepped down as head of the task force. Bloom replaced him as the "government transitions its role away from day-to-day restructuring to monitoring this vital industry and protecting the substantial investment the American taxpayers have made in GM, Chrysler, and GMAC," said Geithner. (2)
Joining Bloom on the Auto Task Force are ten members from across other departments in the administration, including Gene Sperling, a counselor to Geithner, Jared Bernstein, chief economist to Vice President Joseph R. Biden and Lisa Heinzerling, senior policy counsel at the Environmental Protection Agency.
At a Glance
Current Position: Chief Adviser to the Treasury Department on the Auto Industry (since July 2009); Senior adviser for the Manufacturing Industry (since September 2009)
Career History: Senior adviser for the Treasury Department on the auto industry (since Feb. 2009); United Steelworkers Union, special assistant to the president (1996 to 2009); Keilin & Bloom, founding member (1990 to 1996); Lazard Freres & Co. (1985 to 1990)
Birthday: N/A
Hometown: New York, N.Y.
Alma Mater: Weslyan University, 1977; Harvard University, MBA, 1985
Spouse: N/A
Religion: N/A
DC Office: N/A
State/District Office: N/A
Email N/A
Web site
Path to Power
Bloom was born in New York when it “was a strong union town,†according to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. "Growing up, the sort of issues of the day always included discussion of civil rights, social justice, the labor movement," said Bloom.(3)
Bloom’s father worked at a non-profit organization, while Bloom’s mother taught school. Bloom’s labor roots came from his aunt, who helped lead a teacher’s union. After he graduated from Wesleyan University in 1977, Bloom started working for the political organizing group the Jewish Labor Committee before joining the Service Employees International Union (SEIU).
While at SEIU, Bloom felt unions were pushed around by businesses because they didn’t have leaders that really understood how business works. “Unions were being backed into corners by companies and couldn't understand, on a sophisticated level, the company's arguments,†said Bloom. “Labor needed to be armed with the equivalent skills.†So he decided to attend Harvard Business School.(3)
Lazard Freres & Co
Bloom graduated from Harvard in 1985, and joined the New York investment bank Lazard Freres & Co., where he focused on union-related mergers and acquisitions.(4) While at Lazard, Bloom met Gene Keilin, and in 1990 the two men left the investment bank to start their own firm, Keilin & Bloom, which focused on union-related deals and corporate bankruptcies.
In 1996, Bloom left the firm he helped to build, to become the special assistant to the president George Becker at the USW. “I was very fortunate and privileged to be able to make a very nice living,†said Bloom. “But at the end of the day, people have to do different things: Your heart and soul will also have to be fed.â€Â(3)
Bloom worked at the Pittsburgh-based headquarters of the USW, which has 1.2 million members, leading negotiations with corporate entities on restructuring labor benefits.(5)
The Issues
Bloom's job is to help save the struggling U.S. auto industry, while also rethinking jobs across the entire U.S. manufacturing sector. He has the rare advantage of having been an investment banker who has worked for organized labor.
Auto Task Force
But prior to taking on the manufacturing role, Bloom was involved in a complete revamp of the U.S. auto industry that was controversial and politically-sensitive. In March 2009, the task force that Chrysler should receive 30 days to negotiate a merger with the Italian car company Fiat. For General Motors, it recommended allowing the Detroit icon to continue restructuring efforts for 60 more days. In April 2009, Chrysler filed for bankruptcy, and 31 days later a bankruptcy court judge approved the sale of the company to Fiat.(6) GM filed for bankruptcy on June 1, 2009. The Treasury Department will add an additional $30 billion in financing to GM and take a 60 percent stake in the car company.
A tricky part of the GM bankruptcy decision was how to negotiate with the United Auto Workers union (UAW), which represents GM workers. The UAW's retiree health fund was owed $20 billion from GM. With the help of Bloom, the UAW agreed to take a 17.5 percent stake in GM, plus it will receive $9 billion in notes and preferred stock.(7)
Wheeling-Pitt. Merger Discussions
In 2006, Brazil’s steel company Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) was negotiating a merger with Wheeling-Pittsburgh Corp. The two companies had nearly finished the deal when the USW decided to block the merger and find a buyer more likely to adhere to union demands. Bloom and USW president Leo Gerard thought the bulk of the deal’s benefits would go to CSN instead of employees. With the help of Bloom, the USW found Esmark, a Chicago-based steel-distribution company that offered to layoff zero workers if the union agreed to allow Esmark to import steel from Ukraine.(8)
The USW supported Esmark as it led a proxy fight to gain control of the board at Wheeling-Pitt. Esmark succeeded in November 2006. “We turned the entire board over in one day -- little old Steelworkers and little old Esmark," said Bloom. Soon after, Esmark merged with Wheeling-Pitt.(8)
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
In September 2003, Bloom led contract negotiations with Goodyear Tire. The company had faced a tough 2002, losing $1.1 billion to tire manufacturers selling cheap products with the help of labor in low-wage countries. Plus, Goodyear had dug itself a hole, creating $5 billion worth of debt due to unsuccessful acquisitions or new products. Bloom had to handle the negotiation, which would affect 19,000 jobs.(9)
As with many of Bloom’s negotiations, he had to cede some turf to the struggling company, but, by doing so, he saved a number of jobs. In the Goodyear example, the USW agreed to allow the tire manufacturer to cut labor costs $1.15 billion over three years, including letting go 3,000 employees. Goodyear promised to continue to invest in all but two of its U.S. factories.(9)
The Network
On the Auto Task Force, Bloom reports directly to Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and National Economic Council Director Lawrence Summers. Sperling, Bernstein, Heinzerling and Austan Goolsbee, staff director of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board, all help on the task force, as well. He is likely to work with the same players in overseeing the manufacturing sector.
Bloom worked for 12 years at the USW, including four under USW president Leo Gerard.
Campaign Contributions
While Bloom worked for the USW, he has donated $6,350 since 2000. All of his donations went to Democratic campaigns, including $2,300 to President Barack Obama in 2008.(10)
Footnotes
1.
Tapper, Jake, ABC's Political Punch Blog, Sept. 6, 2009
2.
"Statement from Treasury Secretary Geithner on the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry," Department of the Treasury, July 13, 2009
3.
Norton, Erle, "New blood for the USW," The Wall Street Journal via Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Jan. 26, 1996
4.
Greenhouse, Steven and Rosenbloom, Stephanie, "A Likely Auto Adviser Is Strong in Union Ways," The New York Times, Feb. 17, 2009
5.
Pickert, Kate, "Ron Bloom, Obama's Car Non-Czar," Time, Feb. 18, 2009
6.
Tse, Tomoeh Murakami, "Chrysler Gets Judge's Approval for Asset Sale," The Washington Post, June 1, 2009
7.
Whoriskey, Peter and Marr, Kendra, "GM Files for Bankruptcy Protection," The Washington Post, June 1, 2009
8.
Wysocki, Bernard Jr.; Maher, Kris and Glader, Paul, "New Clout -- A Labor Union's Power: Blocking Takeover Bids --- Steel-Company Buyers Learn They Must Get USW on Their Side," The Wall Street Journal, May 9, 2007
9.
Welch, David, "What Goodyear Got From Its Union; The USW brought a plan to revitalize the ailing tire maker to the negotiating table," BusinessWeek, Oct. 20, 2003
10.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<name>David S Cohen</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary of Treasury for Terrorist Financing (Confirmed 5-1-09)</description>
<summary>David S. Cohen was confirmed by the United States Senate May 1, 2009 to serve as the Department of the Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing. As Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing, Cohen is responsible for formulating and coordinating the counter-terrorist financing and anti-money laundering efforts of the Department of the Treasury. In this role, Cohen will be a key member of the Obama Administration's national security team in developing financial strategies to combat such wide ranging threats as terrorism, organized crime, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
From 1999-2001, Cohen served in the Treasury Department's General Counsel's Office as, successively, Senior Counsel to the General Counsel, Associate Deputy General Counsel, and Acting Deputy General Counsel. While in the General Counsel's Office, Cohen worked extensively with policy makers to develop and implement the Department's anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing policies.
Cohen received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1989, and his B.A., magna cum laude, from Cornell University, in 1985.</summary>
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<name>Alan B Krueger</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy and Chief Economist for the U.S. Department of Treasury</description>
<summary>Alan B. Krueger was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy and Chief Economist for the U.S. Department of Treasury on May 6, 2009. He advises the Secretary on all aspects of economic policy, including current and prospective macroeconomic developments and the development and analysis of the Administration’s economic initiatives. He is currently on leave from Princeton University where he is the Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, where he has held a joint appointment in the Economics Department and the Woodrow Wilson School since 1987. In 1994-95 Mr. Krueger served as chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor. Mr. Krueger has published widely on the economics of education, unemployment, income distribution, social insurance, regulation, terrorism, interest rates and the environment. He has been a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a member of the editorial board of Science, and has served as chief economist for the Council for Economic Education. He is the author of What Makes A Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism and Education Matters: A Selection of Essays on Education, and co-author of Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage and of Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies?
Prior to assuming his current position, Mr. Krueger was a member of the Board of Directors of the Russell Sage Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation and the American Institutes for Research. He was named a Sloan Fellow in Economics in 1992 and an NBER Olin Fellow in 1989-90. He was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1996, a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists in 2005 and a member of the Executive Committee of the American Economic Association in 2004. He was awarded the Kershaw Prize by the Association for Public Policy and Management in 1997 (for distinguished contributions to public policy analysis by someone under the age of 40) and the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal by the Indian Econometric Society in 2001. In 2002 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and in 2003 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He was awarded the IZA Prize in Labor Economics with David Card in 2006. From March 2000 to February 2009 he was a regular contributor to the "Economic Scene" and Economix blog in The New York Times.
Mr. Krueger received a B.S. degree, with honors, from Cornell University’s School of Industrial & Labor Relations in 1983, an A.M. in Economics from Harvard University in 1985, and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1987. He is married and has two teenage children.</summary>
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<name>Kim N Wallace</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary of Treasury for Legislative Affairs</description>
<summary>Kim N. Wallace was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 24, 2009 to serve as Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs. In this capacity, Wallace advises Treasury Secretary Geithner on legislative strategy, communicates Treasury’s priorities to Congress and keeps the Department informed of Congressional objectives and concerns.
Before coming to Treasury, Wallace was a Managing Director and head of the Washington Research Group at Barclays Capital. Previously, he served in the same position at Lehman Brothers Inc. until 1994. From 1989-1994, Wallace was a legislative aide for fiscal policy to then-Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell and worked as an analyst on the Senate Budget Committee under then-Chairman Lawton Chiles.
He holds an M.S. in Business from Johns Hopkins University and a B.A. in Government from the University of Texas at Austin.</summary>
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<name>Lewis Alexander</name>
<description>Treasury Department advisor; former Citigroup chief economist</description>
<summary>Lewis Alexander serves as Research Analyst of Citigroup Inc., Research Division. Mr. Alexander is joining the U.S. Treasury to work on domestic financial issues, counseling Secretary Timothy Geithner. Mr. Alexander served as Chief Economist of Citigroup, Inc. until March 2009. Before joining Citi in 1999, he worked in the division of international finance of the Federal Reserve Board. He was also the Commerce Department's chief economist.</summary>
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<name>Helen Elizabeth Garrett</name>
<description>Treasury Dept assistant secretary nominee</description>
<summary>Obama pick for Treasury Department Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy. As vice president for academic planning and budget at USC, Professor Garrett oversees resource allocation and manages the university's academic programs and priorities. She also is co-director of the USC-Caltech Center for the Study of Law and Politics and serves on the board of the Initiative and Referendum Institute at USC. In January 2005, she was appointed to President George W. Bush's nine-member bipartisan Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, which issued its report in November 2005. She also serves as chair of the finance committee of the national governing board of Common Cause.
Elizabeth Garrett specializes in the legislative process, direct democracy, the federal budget process, the study of democratic institutions, statutory interpretation and tax policy. She is an expert on state, national and presidential politics.
As vice president for academic planning and budget at USC, Professor Garrett oversees resource allocation and manages the university's academic programs and priorities. She also is co-director of the USC-Caltech Center for the Study of Law and Politics and serves on the board of the Initiative and Referendum Institute at USC. In January 2005, she was appointed to President George W. Bush's nine-member bipartisan Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, which issued its report in November 2005. She also serves as chair of the finance committee of the national governing board of Common Cause.
Professor Garrett graduated from the University of Oklahoma and University of Virginia Law School. She clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court and Judge Williams on the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, and served as legal counsel and legislative assistant for tax, budget and welfare reform issues for U.S. Senator David L. Boren. Before joining USC Law in 2003, she was a professor at University of Chicago Law School, where she also served as deputy dean for academic affairs. She has been a visiting professor at Harvard Law School, the University of Virginia Law School, Central European University in Budapest and the Interdisciplinary Center Law School in Israel.
Professor Garrett is the co-author of the fourth edition of the leading casebook on legislation and statutory interpretation, Cases and Materials on Legislation: Statutes and the Creation of Public Policy (West Publishing, 2007). Her recent articles have analyzed courts and political parties, campaign finance reform laws, various congressional procedures, judicial review of regulatory statutes, and the initiative process.</summary>
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<name>Randal K Quarles</name>
<description>Carlyle Group managing director; former Treasury undersecretary </description>
<summary>Randy Quarles is a Managing Director and is focused on transactions in the global financial services sector. He is based in Washington, DC.
Before joining Carlyle, Mr. Quarles was Under Secretary of the U.S. Treasury, where he led the Department’s activities in financial sector and capital markets policy, including coordination of the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, development of administration policy on hedge funds and derivatives, regulatory reform of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, developing policy on terrorism risk insurance, and proposing fundamental reform of the U.S. financial regulatory structure. Before serving as Under Secretary, Mr. Quarles was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs, where he was responsible for a wide range of international financial matters, focusing particularly on financial structure and stability, cross-border investment and financial regulation, and promotion of free trade in financial services. He led the financial regulatory dialogue between the United States and the European Union, was policy chair of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, which reviews inbound investments that raise national security issues, led the U.S. delegation to the Financial Stability Forum (the semi-annual meeting of the heads of regulatory agencies from the world’s largest developed and emerging market countries), and negotiated the financial services provisions of several free trade agreements. Mr. Quarles was also the U.S. Executive Director of the International Monetary Fund, a member of the Board of Directors of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, board representative for the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and, in the private sector, is a member of the board of directors of NTR Acquisition Co.
Before entering the Bush Administration, Mr. Quarles was a partner with the law firm of Davis Polk & Wardwell, working at various times in both the New York and London offices, where he was co-head of the firm’s financial institutions practice and advised on transactions that included a number of the largest financial sector mergers ever completed.
Mr. Quarles received an A.B. summa cum laude in philosophy and economics from Columbia in 1981 and a J.D. from the Yale Law School in 1984.</summary>
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<name>Linda Robertson</name>
<description>Ex-Enron lobbyist and Clinton Treasury official</description>
<summary>Linda L. Robertson joined Johns Hopkins in September 2002 in the new position of vice president for government, community and public affairs. In June 2003, she was named to the additional title of vice president for government affairs and community relations at Johns Hopkins Medicine.
Robertson's position was created to provide a strategic focus for Johns Hopkins' relationships with neighboring communities; with local, state and federal governments; and with broader public audiences nationally and internationally.
She is responsible for government and community affairs for Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Health System, and for communications and public affairs for the university.
Before coming to Johns Hopkins, Robertson had spent more than 25 years working on federal legislative issues in both government and private sector positions. She spent eight years in senior positions at the Treasury Department, working for three secretaries: Lloyd Bentsen, Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers. She joined the department in 1993 as a deputy assistant secretary for legislative affairs, rising to assistant secretary for legislative and public liaison and then senior adviser to the secretary. She led the Clinton administration's congressional efforts to replenish the International Monetary Fund and to provide U.S. funding for Third World debt relief. She led the effort to enact the first overhaul of federal financial services industry law in 60 years and coordinated Treasury's legislative efforts to restructure the Internal Revenue Service.
She won the department's highest honor, the Alexander Hamilton Award, traditionally reserved for the secretary and deputy secretary. In 1999, she received the Ida B. Well-Barnett Achievement Award, one of six awards given to women leaders throughout the federal government for exceptional service.
At other times in her career, Robertson has worked as a House of Representatives staff member and as a lobbyist focused on tax, energy, technology, finance and corporate issues.
She is a 1976 graduate of Southern Illinois University, and earned a law degree at the University of Tulsa in 1979. She also received a master of law degree in taxation from Georgetown University in 1986.</summary>
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<name>Larry Summers</name>
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<summary>Summers, an economist and Treasury Secretary from 1999-2001, is currently the Director of the National Economic Council in the Obama Administration.
....
A controversial genius, Summers has long been considered a top U.S. economic brain. As the new head of the National Economic Council (NEC), Summers will now have a chance to exercise maximum sway over U.S. economic policy as the top White House economic adviser during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression.
The former Clinton Treasury secretary was an influential adviser to President Barack Obama during the 2008 campaign and his name topped the list for a return trip to head the Treasury department in 2009. Instead, that slot went to a Summers’ protégé: New York Fed Chairman Timothy Geithner.
That may be because despite Summers intellectual heft, he has ruffled more than a few feathers in his storied career, including feminists and women’s groups who railed at Summers’ suggestion, when president of Harvard University, that women were innately inferior to men when it came to math or science. Such a track record could have caused Obama more than a few headaches during Senate confirmation hearings; the head of the NEC does not have to be confirmed by Congress.
Summers was ahead of the curve in sensing how much risk the economy faced from the popping of the housing and credit bubbles. He argued for aggressive government measures to combat it before most of the economics profession caught on to the severity of the crisis, and has been a loud voice for a bailout package and an economic stimulus measure to curb the credit struggles of banks and stave off home foreclosures.
Summers says his role as an Obama economic adviser is to help "think about how we can move this economy forward with the greatest decisiveness, with the greatest possible energy, at what is a critical time, probably the most serious economic situation we've faced since the Depression," he said.(1)
Path to Power
Summers may have been genetically programmed to become an economist. Both his parents were professors of economics at Ivy League schools, and two of his uncles — Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow — won Nobel Prizes in economics. "I wasn't any good at math or physics," says Summers, "so I became an economist.â€Â(2)
However, when Summers joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a 16 year-old undergrad, he couldn’t pinpoint his career aspirations. He was leaning towards studying mathematics when his father ran into celebrated Harvard economist, and future chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Ronald Reagan, Martin Feldstein. Feldstein agreed to take Summers on as an intern for the summer after his sophomore year. After graduating from M.I.T, Summers attended Harvard and studied under Feldstein to earn his Ph.D in economics. Feldstein sponsored his doctorate.(3)
While earning his doctorate, Summers was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease. The chemotherapy treatment worked, and the disease has not returned.(4)
Feldstein would shepherd Summers into the public sector. President Ronald Reagan named Feldstein to chair his Council of Economic Advisers. Summers would join his mentor, working as an economist for ten months at the White House. He would then return to Harvard as a professor.(3)
By age 28, Summers had become one of the youngest tenured professors in the famed institution's history. He moved on to the World Bank as its chief economist in 1991, before leaving two years later.(5)
Joining the Treasury
The year 1993 was a good one for Summers. He received the famed John Bates Clark Medal, which is given to the top economist under 40. It's seen as a stepping stone to the Nobel Prize. That year, President Bill Clinton also named him as Treasury undersecretary for International Affairs, which meant he was the nation’s top financial diplomat. Euromoney called him "the most ambitious Harvard professor to come to Washington since Henry Kissinger.â€Â(3)
The comparison to Kissinger has not disappeared. In December 2008, Time magazine said Summers "is expected to do for the economy what strong-minded and ambitious National Security Advisers like Henry Kissinger have done for foreign policy: plan it, set it and control it.â€Â(6)
It was as Treasury undersecretary that Summers first met Geithner. Summers immediately took notice of the Treasury special assistant because of his original thoughts and willingness to confront him when he thought Summers was wrong. Summers quickly promoted the young Geithner to deputy assistant secretary, jumping many levels of the bureaucracy. As Summers climbed the Treasury ladder, Summers would continue to promote Geithner along with him.(7)
In 1995, Summers became deputy Treasury secretary to Treasury first Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin. While working under Rubin, Summers helped respond to the Mexican peso crisis and aided by Geithner, to formulate U.S. policy towards the Asian financial crisis. Time magazine even included Summers on its cover with the headline, “The Committee to Save the World,†along with Rubin and Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan.(8)
But even then, Summers’ strong points-of-view — his detractors would call it intellectual bullying — caused problems. Some Asian publications compared him to General MacArthur for the way he pushed banking reform onto various countries.(9)
Treasury Secretary
By 1999, when Rubin stepped down as Treasury secretary, Summers was the obvious replacement. The 43 year-old took office with little debate or dissent.
During his two-year tenure as Treasury’s top official, Summers used surpluses in the budget to repurchase Treasury debt and pay down the deficit, which hadn’t happened since the 1920s.(10)
When President Clinton’s term ended, Summers returned to Harvard, this time as the institution’s president. Summers’ tenure as the hallowed institution’s president drew more notoriety than his stint as the government’s top financial official.
Leading Harvard
First in 2001, Summers worked to (successfully) oust Harvard African-American studies professor Cornel West. When Summers first took office, he met with West and asked him to produce more academic work and to come in every couple months to update Summers on his progress.
This outraged black civil-rights activists and Democratic power-players like the Rev. Jesse Jackson, and the media quickly jumped on the story. Summers met with West again in January 2002 in what was described as a cordial meeting. West said Summers apologized. Summers denied apologizing, and West eventually left to teach at Princeton University.(11)
But the flap with West was minor compared to the next Summers controversy. In 2005, at an academic conference, Summers questioned whether there was an “innate†difference between men and women that pushed women away from math and sciences. This created a surge of criticism from professors, students and national women’s groups. He apologized soon afterwards, but some felt it wasn’t enough. ‘“Apology or no apology, a lot of damage has been done by reinforcing these stereotypes,’ said economics Professor Caroline M. Hoxby, who was at Harvard for about 11 years.â€Â(12)
The controversy energized a broad group of Harvard faculty dissatisfied with what they viewed as Summers’ dictatorial style. Summers would resign from Harvard in 2006, but he still holds a professor position.
After Harvard, Summers joined the hedge fund D.E. Shaw & Co. as its part-time managing director. Working one-day a week, Summers took home over $5 million in the two years he spent at Shaw, acccording to financial reports released by the White House.(13) He also wrote a regular column in the Financial Times newspaper, in which he explained his views of the financial crisis as it broadened.
The Issues
As head of the NEC, Summers will be Obama’s top White House economic adviser. He is likely to have an imprint on every area of economic policy.
Already during the transition, Summers and Geithner have led marathon discussions with other Obama economic advisers over how to restructure the financial system rescue to demand more accountability from banks in how they use money the government invests in them. The two have plotted how to try to use government funds to reduce the number of home foreclosures. And they have designed the outlines of an $800 billion stimulus package comprised of tax cuts and vast new spending in a range of areas.
“'Summers is the thinker, the ideas guy,' said one Obama economic adviser. ‘Geithner is the implementer.’â€Â(14)
One obvious Summers’ imprint on Obama’s strategy is visible in the president’s comments about the budget deficit. Summers argues for big deficits in the short run, to help ease the pain of the recession, coupled with fiscal responsibility in the long run. Obama has regularly adopted similar language.
Financial Crisis
Summers arrived at the view that the nation was on the verge of a serious recession sooner than did people within the Bush administration and the Fed. By November 2007, Summers warned that the subprime mortgage crisis could very well lead to a recession.
“Three months ago it was reasonable to expect that the subprime credit crisis would be a financially significant event but not one that would threaten the overall pattern of economic growth. This is still a possible outcome but no longer the preponderant probability,†he said.(15)
Since coming to that conclusion, Summers has pushed for an economic stimulus, as well as measures to prevent home foreclosures. In August 2008, he mentioned the possibility that the government may need to take control of major financial institutions.
“Third, there is the question of whether government will need to find a way to recapitalise institutions through taking some kind of preferred interest, as ultimately proved necessary in the US in the 1930s and Japan in the 1990s,†Summers wrote. “Government involvement in recapitalising financial institutions is like devaluation: a very unattractive last resort. Delay is tempting, but it can be enormously costly.â€Â(16)
President Bush, Treasury secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke have used all three of those tactics, but came to the same conclusion two months later.
Summers has urged Obama to pass another economic stimulus package in order to get people spending again. He believes this will help homeowners pay bills that could cause more defaults if left unpaid. He also urged Obama to support the $700 billion bailout bill.(1)
Increased Financial Regulation
From the moment President Obama entered office, the administration worked to stymie the 2008-2009 recession. With efforts like the continued distribution of the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds and enactment of the $787 billion stimulus package, it appeared as if the downturn had finally stabilized by the spring of 2009. But in order to prevent another crisis, Summers and Geithner proposed reform of the entire regulatory system.
In June 2009, the plan to increase financial regulation began to take shape when Summers and Geithner published an op-ed in the Washington Post. The two officials outlined five moves the administration would make to help assure that a downturn as severe as the 2008-2009 recession would never occur again. First, they proposed issuing requirements for raising capital and liquidity levels. Although they didn't name specifics, Summers and Geithner said that the larger, more interconnected firms would have more stringent liquidity requirements. Firms whose failure could threaten the financial system would have more comprehensive supervision from the Federal Reserve. The officials also said a "council of regulators" will be created with a broader mandate of keeping the financial system safe.(17)
The second move that Summers and Geithner announced was the stricter regulation of securities and derivatives, a sophisticated financial tool that takes its value from the success or failure of other assets. The plan is to impose more rigorous requirements when selling asset-backed securities, while convincing regulators and investors to decrease their dependence on credit agencies. They said that all derivatives will be regulated.(17)
Summers and Geithner also want to increase efforts to protect consumers and investors, while promising to work with and encourage the rest of the world to boost supervision of financial markets. Finally, the two called for the creation of a mechanism to handle the dismantling of a financial firm that could have significant impact on the market, if it failed. "This authority will be available only in extraordinary circumstances, but it will help ensure that the government is no longer forced to choose between bailouts and financial collapse," wrote Summers and Geithner.(17)
The Network
Summers has spent many years in academia and governmental circles and has the connections to show for it.
His mentor in college was Martin Feldstein, who was chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan. President Bill Clinton named Summers as an undersecretary at Treasury, and Secretary Robert Rubin became his mentor, pushing him as an eventual successor. Summers met Timothy Geithner when he was a young career staffer at Treasury, and promoted him into senior jobs; now, Geithner is Obama’s Treasury Secretary.
Unlike many academics, though, Summers also has extensive knowledge of Wall Street arcane from his work as Treasury secretary and at hedge fund D.E. Shaw.
Campaign Contributions
Summers has given $8,800 to campaigns since 2002, all of which went to Democrats. In July, Summers gave $2,500 to Obama and $2,300 to Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY).(18)
Footnotes
1.
Kranish, Michael, ‘Summers could return to D.C., bringing baggage He is viewed as brilliant adviser,’ The Boston Globe, Nov. 8, 2008
2.
Jereski, Laura, 'Nobel House: Economist Lawrence Summers,' Forbes, Jan. 25, 1988
3.
Kilborn, Peter T., ‘The Economists Behind the Candidates; Summers: A Legacy of Liberalism,’ The New York Times, June 5, 1988
4.
Sanger, David E., ‘The Administration's Fiscal Closer,’ The New York Times, May 13, 1999
5.
'Treasury Secretary Rubin Resigns; Deputy Summers Picked As Successor,’ Dow Jones Business News, May 12, 1999
6.
Calabresi, Massimo and Fox, Justin, ‘Why He Just Can't Wait,’ Time, Dec. 8, 2008
7.
Solomon, Deborah and Phillips, Michael M., ‘The Obama Transition: Two vie for Treasury post --- Summers, Geithner top Obama shortlist, have close career ties,’ The Wall Street Journal Asia, Nov. 10, 2008
8.
Wessel, David, ‘Summers Break: Rubin's Departure Will Test How Well He Groomed Successor --- Clones on Policy, Two Men Differ on Tack: Protege Lacks Mentor's Restraint --- Haunted by His Old Ideas?,’ The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 1999
9.
Hirsh, Michael and Rosenberg, Debra, ‘Grooming Mr. Summers.,’ Newsweek, May 24, 1999
10.
Department of the Treasury
11.
Duke, Lynne, ‘Moving Target; With the Harvard Flak Behind Him, Cornel West Heads to Princeton. And He's Ready to Give His Critics Plenty to Talk About,’ The Washington Post, Aug. 11, 2002
12.
Mehren, Elizabeth, ‘The Nation; Harvard President Issues an Apology for Remarks; He implied in a speech that women were less capable at math and science than men,’ Los Angeles Times, Jan. 20, 2005
13.
Story, Louise, "A Rich Education for Summers (After Harvard)," The New York Times, April 5, 2009
14.
Weisman, Jonathan, ‘Geithner, Summers to take the lead on New Economic Team,†Wall Street Journal, Nov. 24, 2008
15.
Summers, Lawrence, 'Wake up to the dangers of a deepening crisis,’ The Financial Times, Nov. 25, 2007
16.
Summers, Lawrence, ‘Big Freeze part 4: A US recovery,’ The Financial Times, Aug. 6, 2008
17.
Geithner, Timothy and Summers, Lawrence, "A New Financial Foundation," The Washington Post, June 15, 2009
18.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<summary>Michael F. Mundaca currently is Senior Advisor for Policy within the Treasury Department's Office of Tax Policy and the Acting Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy. Mr. Mundaca served in the Treasury Department during the Clinton Administration and returned to the Treasury Department in 2007, as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Tax Affairs. Before that appointment, he was a partner for five years in the International Tax Services group of Ernst & Young's National Tax Department, in Washington, D.C. His practice focused on cross-border planning and structuring, including especially tax treaty issues, and on international legislative and regulatory monitoring and consulting. Before joining Ernst & Young, Mr. Mundaca served for over five years in Treasury's Office of the International Tax Counsel, leaving as the Deputy International Tax Counsel. He was also Treasury's Senior Advisor on Electronic Commerce. Prior to that first stint in Treasury, he was an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell, a law firm in New York. Mr. Mundaca has been an adjunct professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, teaching a seminar on tax treaties. Mr. Mundaca received a B.A. in philosophy and in physics from Columbia University, in 1986, and an M.A.in philosophy from the University of Chicago, in 1988. He received a J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall), in 1992, where he was Senior Executive Editor of The California Law Review and a member of the Order of the Coif. He also has an LL.M., in taxation (international tax specialization), from the University of Miami.</summary>
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<summary>Jason Furman, Barack Obama's economic policy director during the Presidential campaign, is reported to be considered for a top deputy’s job in the White House or Treasury Department dealing with economics and fiscal policy. Before the campaign, he directed The Hamilton Project, founded by Robert E. Rubin, to develop new economic policies counter to those of the Bush era. During the Clinton administration, he worked on the President's Council of Economic Advisers, in the West Wing, and on the National Economic Council. He has been economics adviser to many democratic presidential candidates including both Al Gore and John Kerry.</summary>
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Entities can be retrieved using the following third-party IDs:
For example:
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To find a chain of connections between two entities, use the following resource:
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All chains of entities from 1-4 degrees will be returned, organized by degree, with entity IDs only, and the first chain will be returned with expanded Entity data and a list of relationship IDs connecting each Entity with the one preceding it. This resource accepts optional parameters: a "cat_ids" parameter to limit the relationships to specific categories (the default is "1"), and a "page" parameter which specifies which of the found chain to expand in detail (the default is "1").
Basic info for a Relationship consists of the following fields:
Like Entities, Relationships have a resource providing only this basic data:
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<Entity1>
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<name>Lee Scott</name>
<description>former CEO Wal-Mart</description>
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<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity2>
</Relationship>
</Data>
</Response>
...and a resource that also includes the fields associated with the Relationship's category:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
<Entity1>Array</Entity1>
<Entity2>Array</Entity2>
</Relationship>
</Data>
</Response>
A complete list of Relationship category IDs, names, and fields, is available at http://api.littlesis.org/relationships/categories.xml.
Basic and detailed data can be retrieved for multiple Relationships at once with a batch request. Use the "ids" parameter to specify which Relationships to retrieve, and the optional "details" parameter (with a value of 1) to retrieve the extra fields associated with the Relationships' types. If the "details" parameter is being used and the specified Relationships all have the same category, a "cat_id" parameter with the category's ID can be given to improve the response speed.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Relationships>22</Relationships>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<details>1</details>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>74</id>
<entity1_id>1065</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2009-12-21 14:28:59</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/74</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/74.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>75</id>
<entity1_id>1066</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:20</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/75</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/75.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>76</id>
<entity1_id>1067</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1998-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/76</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/76.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>77</id>
<entity1_id>1067</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Chairman</description1>
<description2>Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/77</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/77.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>78</id>
<entity1_id>1067</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/78</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/78.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>79</id>
<entity1_id>1068</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/79</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/79.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>80</id>
<entity1_id>1068</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>COO</description1>
<description2>COO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/80</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/80.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>81</id>
<entity1_id>1069</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:55</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/81</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/81.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>82</id>
<entity1_id>1070</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Group Vice President</description1>
<description2>Group Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:56</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/82</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/82.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>83</id>
<entity1_id>1071</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Group Vice President</description1>
<description2>Group Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:07:58</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/83</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/83.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>0</is_board>
<is_executive>1</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>84</id>
<entity1_id>1072</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-09-25 12:04:37</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/84</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/84.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>85</id>
<entity1_id>1073</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:20</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/85</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/85.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>86</id>
<entity1_id>1074</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:17</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/86</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/86.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>87</id>
<entity1_id>1075</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-05-06 11:51:41</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/87</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/87.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>88</id>
<entity1_id>1076</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1997-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:18</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/88</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/88.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>89</id>
<entity1_id>1077</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1996-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:15</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/89</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/89.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>90</id>
<entity1_id>1078</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1993-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-10-18 13:35:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/90</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/90.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>91</id>
<entity1_id>1079</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1996-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:21</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/91</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/91.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>92</id>
<entity1_id>1080</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1996-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:18</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/92</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/92.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>93</id>
<entity1_id>1081</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:17</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/93</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/93.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>94</id>
<entity1_id>1082</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>4</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:08:19</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/94</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/94.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>95</id>
<entity1_id>1083</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>5</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2002-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:09:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/95</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/95.xml</api_uri>
<is_board>1</is_board>
<is_executive>0</is_executive>
<is_employee/>
<compensation/>
<boss_id/>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Data>
</Response>
A list of Relationships between two Entities can be requested with an optional "cat_ids" parameter:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<Relationships>3</Relationships>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<cat_ids>1</cat_ids>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity1>
<id>1026</id>
<name>Lee Scott</name>
<description>former CEO Wal-Mart</description>
<summary>Mr. Scott is the President and CEO of Wal-Mart and has served in that position since January 2000. Prior to this appointment, he held other positions with Wal-Mart since joining the Company in September 1979, including Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer from January 1999 to January 2000, and Executive Vice President and President and CEO, Wal-Mart Stores Division from January 1998 to January 1999. He has been a member of the Board since 1999.</summary>
<start_date>1949-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<website/>
<is_current/>
<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:52:23</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/person/1026/Lee_Scott</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1026.xml</api_uri>
</Entity1>
<Entity2>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity2>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>24</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/24</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/24.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>25</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/25</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/25.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
</Relationships>
</Data>
</Response>
Basic info for a List consists of the following fields:
Lists have two resources, one representing the basic List data:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
</Meta>
<Data>
<List>
<id>23</id>
<name>Obama Administration Officials</name>
<description>Top officials in the incoming Obama administration</description>
<is_ranked>0</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2011-05-27 09:52:07</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/23/Obama_Administration_Officials</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/23.xml</api_uri>
</List>
</Data>
</Response>
...and another representing the Entities that belong to the list, which, in addition to paging parameters, takes an optional "type_ids" parameter limiting the Entities returned to those having the specified Types:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<TotalCount>124</TotalCount>
<ResultCount>
<Entities>100</Entities>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<List>
<id>23</id>
<name>Obama Administration Officials</name>
<description>Top officials in the incoming Obama administration</description>
<is_ranked>0</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2011-05-27 09:52:07</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/list/23/Obama_Administration_Officials</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/list/23.xml</api_uri>
</List>
<Entities>
<Entity>
<id>1061</id>
<name>General James L Jones</name>
<description>Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (Appointed 12-01-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Jones was likely to be offered a top job in the new White House no matter who won the election in November 2008.
The widely-respected general advised both President Barack Obama and Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.)’s 2008 presidential campaigns. He is as much a diplomat as a military leader, serving as Supreme Allied Commander of NATO and as Commandant of the Marine Corps. Obama appointed him National Security Adviser in December 2008.
He has been hailed across the political spectrum as a non-partisan and self-effacing talent who will impose thoughtfulness and discipline on Obama’s strong-willed national security team, which includes Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and Defense Secretary Robert Gates.(1)
As NATO commander, Jones stirred the pot when in a 2008 report he declared that the U.S. was losing the war in Afghanistan.(2)
Path to Power
Jones was born on Dec. 19, 1943, in Kansas City, Mo. He grew up in Paris and is fluent in French.
The 6’ 4†athlete played basketball for Georgetown University. He received his undergraduate degree from Georgetown’s School of Foreign Service in 1966.
Jones served as a Marine in Vietnam, where he was a platoon and company commander. He took command positions at Camp Pendleton and Okinawa.
Jones returned to Washington in the early 1980s to work as the Marine Corps liaison officer to the Senate. In that position, he developed a friendship with Sen. McCain.(3)
In 1986, he returned to a leadership position in the Marine Corps. In 1992, following the first Gulf War, he ran a mission to help thousands of Kurdish refugees who had been forced to flee northern Iraq after the Iraqi Army quelled an uprising by forcing the Kurds out of their homes.(4)
In 1997, Jones accepted a position as military assistant to Clinton Defense Secretary William Perry. In 1999, he was nominated to serve as Commandant of the Marine Corps by President Bill Clinton, beating out several other prominent four-star candidates.
In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed Jones the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO military forces, a position that made him the first Marine to hold the prestigious position. Bush said he nominated Jones in an effort to “shake off†Cold War thinking and make the Armed Forces more mobile and up-to-date.(5)
In that role, Jones worked tirelessly to convince NATO nations to unite to develop a military strategy in Afghanistan. He struggled to convince U.S. allies to provide troops they had promised. In 2004, Jones called for a doubling of the troops provided to the region in order to secure the country beyond Kabul, its capital.(6)
Jones stepped down as NATO commander in February 2006. He has continued to urge NATO to increase its ground force in Afghanistan.(7)
In his post-NATO life, Jones continued to work with top Bush administration officials to develop foreign policy and military strategy. Then-Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice appointed Jones as a special envoy for Middle East security. He also headed the non-partisan Commission on the Security Forces of Iraq, an independent group that examined the effectiveness of Iraq’s police force in 2006. The report was paid particular attention by Congress.
Jones is close friends with McCain, and though he briefed President Obama on Afghanistan and energy policy during the 2008 presidential campaign, he did not endorse Obama.
Nonetheless, Jones was mentioned as a possible Democratic vice presidential contender, although reports suggest he wasn’t formally vetted and was not a finalist for the job. Some speculated that Jones’ name had only been leaked to lend President Obama national security credentials.(8)
Jones is the president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for 21st Century Energy, a group that works inside the chamber to develop approaches to sustainable energy creation and consumption.
Early Days in the White House
In his first several months in Obama's White House, Jones was criticized by some staffers for spending too little time with Obama and in the office. Jones will sometimes leave work at lunch for a bike ride, and returns home around 7 P.M. every day, unusual in an office full of staffers used to burning the midnight oil. "The national security adviser needs to be behind the president," author and blogger David Rothkopf told the New York Times. Jones is not "seen as a guy in the room."(9)
But his leadership style seems to fit quite naturally with Obama. As head of the National Security Council, Jones emphasized team building, and has advocated for a "bottom-up approach" where working groups develop proposals for solutions, then pass them on to a committee of deputies. He was praised in The Washington Post for launching a restructuring of the council so that it could tackle modern issues like energy and climate change. "If you want things to go beyond your tenure you'd better get a lot of buy-in into the big things," he told the Post.(10)
His intimate relationship with Obama was only strengthened by the President's deliberations over Afghanistan. In Oct. 2009, Obama faced pressures to increase his troop presence in the failing country, and he relied on the retired general both for advice and as a conduit to communicate with other generals.(11)
The Issues
Jones is a fierce critic of U.S. anti-terrorism policies, which he regards as unfocused and detrimental to the country’s international reputation. He has called for a stepped-up effort to stem terrorism in Afghanistan and a more concentrated attempt to prepare Iraq for self-governance.(12)
Jones has called for the “proactive use of military force,†which he says is the only way to combat symmetric threats like weapons of mass destruction and terrorism. “I worry about loss of momentum†in fighting terrorism abroad, he told Congress in 2007. “I worry about the fact that the safe havens for the insurgents are more numerous now than they were one or two or three years ago.â€Â(2)
Jones has called for a more coherent national security policy that incorporates fresh elements to address a broader swath of problems like global warming, terrorism and foreign oil dependence. He would like to include non-governmental organizations and energy department officials in the National Security Council and believes the military should increase its focus on reconstruction and development.
Jones and the National Security Council will oversee the White House's High Value Detainee Interrogation Program, which will train a team of specialists the most effective interrogation methods. The team will only use techniques approved in the Army Field Manual, but will research other lawful ways to collect high-value information from detainees.
Afghanistan
Developing a winning strategy in Afghanistan is one of Jones’ foremost concerns. As NATO commander, Jones put his reputation on the line to convince U.S. allies to support the war effort. He bluntly states that the war there is severely undermanned and not enough resources exist in the region to win. Additionally, he has emphasized the importance of dispersing troops more broadly across the country. In a study, he wrote that NATO is losing the war in Afghanistan.(6)
He has also warned that NATO cannot simply stem fighting in Afghanistan. In order to help make the country safer, NATO and U.S. forces must also reduce the narcotics trade (which he called the “Achilles hill†of the mission); help develop a credible court system; and rebuild the police force.(2)
Jones has also warned that defeat in Afghanistan will send “a very clear message to the terrorist organizations that the U.S., the U.N. and the 37 countries with troops on the ground can be defeated.â€Â(13)
Iraq
Jones has made several trips to Iraq and was asked to chair the Independent Commission on the Security Forces of Iraq, a committee sponsored by the Center for Strategic and International Studies that was designed to assess the effectiveness of the Iraq police force.
After almost 16 months of study, the general and his team concluded that the Iraqi police force had “limited operational effectiveness†and recommended a complete overhaul of the forces in order to remove corrupt officers and those who are complicit in sectarian killings. The commission also concluded the current force is too large and must be redeveloped into an “elite†force.
Gen. Jones told Congress in September 2007 that the Iraqi government needed at least a year and a half more before it could act as its own protective force.(14)
He has said that Iraq has distracted the U.S. and overstretched its armed forces.
Pakistan
Jones says Pakistan is central to winning the Iraq war, but he warns that the Pakistani military is not currently working effectively with the U.S. He has called on Pakistan to work more closely with Afghanistan, and to recognize that it has a significant stake in reducing violence in Afghanistan. If Pakistan is unwilling to support the United States’ effort, he would like NATO to band together to sanction Pakistan.(15)
Libya
Jones would like to turn Libya into an ally in the war on terror. In 2004, he suggested that the country’s decision to abandon its unconventional weapons program was a sign of a new commitment for change. He wanted to invite Libya to join NATO. Though the country has not yet become a full member, it participated in naval exercises in 2008, and has committed to working with U.S. forces to stop Al Qaeda.(16)
Energy and National Security
As the president of the U .S. Chamber of Commerce’s Institute for 21st Century Energy, Jones has supported efforts to promote greater energy efficiency, diversify energy supplies, improve environmental protections and enhance the nation’s energy infrastructure.(17)
Some have accused the group of pushing only conservation efforts that benefit business and of downplaying the impact of global warming and climate change.(18)
He would like the National Security Council to play a larger role in setting energy policy. He called the production and distribution of fuels like oil a “national security issue of the highest order.â€Â(8)
To address this, he has called for a new White House office to implement national and international energy policy. This person would sit on the National Security Council and National Economic Council.
However, Jones sits on Chevron Corporation’s board of directors, a tie that has some environmentalists concerned about his ability to push a green agenda.(18)
The Network
As a Senate staffer, Jones befriended former Sen. William Cohen (R-Maine). When Cohen was named Secretary of Defense, he brought Jones to the White House with him.
He is friendly with a number of Senators, including Hillary Rodham Clinton and John McCain, who he advised on energy policy during his 2008 presidential campaign.
In 2006, Condoleezza Rice twice requested that Jones serve as her deputy, but he declined.(8)
Footnotes
1.
Allen, Mike, "Axelrod: No ‘Potted Plants’ in Cabinet," Politico, Nov. 23, 2008
2.
Shanker, Thom, "James L. Jones," New York Times, Nov. 10, 2008
3.
Myers, Steven Lee, "Politically Astute Generals Picked to Lead Services," New York Times, April 22, 1999
4.
"Bush Looks to Marine to Lead NATO Forces," New York Times, April 12, 2002
5.
Marquis, Christopher, "General Urges NATO to Send Afghanistan More Troops," New York Times, Jan. 28, 2004
6.
Shanker, Thom, "Leaving NATO, U.S. General Still Seeks Troops for Afghanistan," New York Times, Dec. 21, 2006
7.
Brumett, John, "Obama Reaches for Military Cover," Las-Vegas Journal Review, June 15, 2008
8.
"Top marine in the Zone for Foreign Policy Post," The Australian, Nov. 24, 2008
9.
Cooper, Helene, "National Security Adviser Tries Quieter Approach, " New York Times, May 7, 2009
10.
DeYoung, Karen, "In Frenetic White Houes, A Low-key 'Outsider,'" The Washington Post, May 7, 2009
11.
Rozen, Laura, "President Obama's New Defense Shield: Jim Jones," Politico, Oct. 7, 2009
12.
Stewart, Alison and Wolff, Bill, "Wars’ Fallout Continues for Civilians," National Public Radio, Feb. 1, 2008
13.
Cloud, David, "Panel Sees More Than a Year Before Iraq Can Handle Security," New York Times, Sept. 6, 2007
14.
Panel II of a Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subject: Afghanistan Strategy, Federal News Service, March 8, 2007
15.
"Libya Takes Part in NATO Exercise," World Tribune, April 4, 2008
16.
Plumer, Bradford, "What Obama’s Security Team Means for Energy," New Republic, Dec. 2, 2008
17.
Fletcher, Michael, "Jones Would Bring Broad Experience To Security Post," Washington Post, Nov. 22, 2008
18.
Lovely, Erika, "Chevron ties problematic for Gen. Jones," Politico, Nov. 18, 2008</summary>
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<description>Deputy Secretary of State; former Morgan Stanley exec and SIFMA chair</description>
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<name>Mary L Schapiro</name>
<description>SEC chairman in Obama administration</description>
<summary>Schapiro was picked for the top post at the SEC in late 2008. Ms. Schapiro was formerly Executive Officer of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). FINRA was created through the merger of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. (NASD) and the member regulation functions of NYSE Regulation. FINRA is the world's largest private sector regulator of securities markets. Prior to the creation of FINRA, Ms. Schapiro was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of NASD, having previously held the position of Vice Chairman of NASD and President of the Regulatory Policy and Oversight Division since 2001, and President of NASD Regulation, Inc. since 1996. Prior to joining NASD, she was chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and a Commissioner of the SEC. Ms. Schapiro serves on the board of Duke Energy Corporation. She is a Trustee of Franklin and Marshall College.</summary>
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<name>Eric K Shinseki</name>
<description>Veterans Affairs Secretary; retired General</description>
<summary>Retired U.S. Army General Eric K. Shinseki was nominated by President Barack Obama on December 7, 2008 to serve as Secretary of Veterans Affairs. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 20, 2009, and he was sworn in as the seventh Secretary of Veterans Affairs on January 21, 2009.
Secretary Shinseki served as Chief of Staff, United States Army, from 1999 to June 11, 2003, and retired from active duty on August 1, 2003. During his tenure, he initiated the Army Transformation Campaign to address both the emerging strategic challenges of the early 21st century and the need for cultural and technological change in the United States Army.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, he led the Army during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom and integrated the pursuit of the Global War on Terrorism with Army Transformation, successfully enabling the Army to continue to transform while at war.
Prior to becoming the Army’s Chief of Staff, Secretary Shinseki served as the Vice Chief of Staff from 1998 to 1999. He previously served simultaneously as Commanding General, United States Army, Europe and Seventh Army; Commanding General, NATO Land Forces, Central Europe, both headquartered in Heidelberg, Germany; and Commander of the NATO-led Stabilization Force, Bosnia-Herzegovina, headquartered in Sarajevo.
He was commissioned a second lieutenant of Artillery upon graduation from the United States Military Academy in June 1965 and was attached to Company A, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division as a forward observer from December 1965 to September 1966, when he was wounded in combat in the Republic of Vietnam. He returned to Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii to recuperate and subsequently was assigned as Assistant Secretary, then Secretary to the General Staff, U.S. Army, Hawaii, Schofield Barracks, from 1967-1968. He transferred to Armor Branch and attended the Armor Officer Advanced Course at Fort Knox, Kentucky, before returning to Vietnam a second time in 1969. While serving as Commander, Troop A, 3d Squadron, 5th Cavalry Regiment, he was wounded a second time in 1970.
Other assignments include Commander, 3rd Squadron, 7th Cavalry, 3rd Infantry Division; Commander, 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division; Deputy Chief of Staff, Support for Allied Land Forces Southern Europe; Assistant Division Commander-Maneuver, 3rd Infantry Division; Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, as well as G-3, 3rd Infantry Division, 1984-1985; G-3, VII US Corps, 1989-1990; and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1996-1997.
Shinseki holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, a Master of Arts degree from Duke University, and is a graduate of the National War College. Secretary Shinseki was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit (with Oak Leaf Clusters), Bronze Star Medal with “V†Device (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters), Purple Heart (with Oak Leaf Cluster), Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters), Air Medal, Parachutist Badge, Ranger Tab, Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge, and the Army Staff Identification Badge.
He currently lives in Falls Church, Virginia, with his wife Patty.
January 2009
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<name>Neal S Wolin</name>
<description>Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (Confirmed May 18, 2009)</description>
<summary>Neal S. Wolin is President and Chief Operating Officer for Property and Casualty operations of The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc. He is also a member of the company's Office of the Chairman.
Until January 2001, Wolin served as the general counsel of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, a position for which he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and appointed by President Clinton in November, 1999. As general counsel, he was the chief legal officer of the Department and provided legal and policy advice to Treasury Secretaries Rubin and Summers and senior Department officials on the full range of issues under Treasury's jurisdiction. In January 2001, Secretary Summers awarded Wolin the Alexander Hamilton Award, the highest honor given by the Secretary of the Treasury. From 1995 to 1999, Wolin served as the deputy general counsel of the Treasury Department.
Prior to joining the Treasury Department, Wolin served in the White House as the executive assistant to National Security Advisor Anthony Lake and then Deputy National Secretary Advisor Samuel R. Berger. Prior to that, Wolin was the deputy legal adviser of the National Security Council, providing foreign affairs and national security legal advice to the National Security Advisor and the Counsel to the President. Wolin has also served as special assistant to three directors of Central Intelligence: William H. Webster, Robert M. Gates, and R. James Woolsey.
Before joining the federal government, Wolin practiced law in Washington D.C. with the law firm of Wilmer, Cutler, and Pickering, and as law clerk for United States District Judge Eugene H. Nickerson in the Eastern District of New York.
Wolin received a B.A. degree in history summa cum laude from Yale College. After college, he studied at Balliol College at the University of Oxford as a Charles and Julia Henry Fellow, earning a Master of Science degree in Development Economics. He received a J.D. degree from Yale Law School, where he was a Coker Teaching Fellow in Constitutional Law.
Wolin is a member of the bars of Connecticut, Illinois, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Supreme Court. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Board of Overseers of the RAND Corporation's Institute for Civil Justice, the Board of Regents of the University of Hartford and the Board of Directors of the Appleseed Foundation. He is also a James W. Cooper Fellow of the Connecticut Bar Foundation. Mr. Wolin was appointed by President Clinton to be a member of the President's Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States, on which he served 1999-2000.</summary>
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<name>Karen Gordon Mills</name>
<description>Obama's head of Small Business Administration</description>
<summary>Ms. Mills has served as President of MMP Group, a private equity investor and advisor since 1993. From 1999 to 2007 she was a founding partner and a managing director of Solera Capital, a New York based venture capital firm. She is currently the Lead Director of Scotts Miracle-Gro, a public company. Ms. Mills is the Chair of the Governor's Council on Competitiveness and the Economy of the state of Maine and serves on the Board of the Maine Technology Institute. She is also a director of the Maine Chapter of the Nature Conservancy.</summary>
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<name>Ronald Kirk</name>
<description>Director, Office of the United States Trade Representative (Confirmed 3-18-09)</description>
<summary>As United States Trade Representative (USTR), Ambassador Kirk is a member of President Obama's Cabinet and serves as the President's principal trade advisor, negotiator and spokesperson on trade issues.
Ambassador Kirk was nominated to be United States Trade Representative by President Barack Obama and was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 18, 2009. The office of USTR is responsible for the development and oversight of U.S. trade policy, including strategy, negotiation, implementation and enforcement of multilateral, regional/bilateral and sector-specific trade agreements. These include the ongoing Doha Development Agenda multilateral trade negotiations, as well as seventeen countries with which the United States has Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). As well, Ambassador Kirk is responsible for U.S. trade policy involving agriculture; industry; services and investment; intellectual property; environment; labor; development and preference programs.
Ambassador Kirk draws upon more than 25 years of diverse legislative and economic experience on local, state and federal levels. As the first African American mayor of Dallas from 1995 - 2001, he earned a reputation for bringing together diverse coalitions to get things done. During his tenure as Mayor, Ambassador Kirk expanded Dallas' reach to the world through a range of trade programs, including numerous trade missions. He also passed seven budgets that focused on the critical needs of the city while maintaining and even lowering taxes. His economic development efforts helped secure more than 45,000 jobs and investment of more than $3.5 billion in Dallas. To protect citizens he increased the public safety budget by $128 million, and while he was Mayor, Dallas saw its lowest crime rate in 20 years. Previously, Governor Ann Richards appointed him as Texas Secretary of State, he served as a legislative aide to U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen and he was named as chair of Texas' General Service Commission. Ambassador Kirk also served as a City of Dallas assistant city attorney.
Prior to joining USTR, Ambassador Kirk was a partner at Vinson & Elkins LLP, where his principal area of practice was public finance and public policy. He has been actively involved in the community and has been recognized by a number of state and national organizations, such as being named one of "The 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America" by The National Law Journal in 2008, and one of the nation's top government relations lawyers by The Best Lawyers in America from 2007-2009, as well as receiving the University of Texas Distinguished Alumni Award in 2001, Woodrow Wilson Center for Public Policy's Outstanding Public Service Award in 2000, the Young Texas Exes Award in 1995, and the Austin College Distinguished Alumni Award in 1994. Ambassador Kirk also received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Degree from Austin College in 2006 and the Mickey Leland Leadership Award from Texas Southern University in 2004.
Ambassador Kirk was born and raised in Austin, Texas, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and sociology from Austin College in Sherman, Texas. He received his law degree from the University of Texas School of Law in 1979. He is married to Matrice Ellis-Kirk and they have two daughters, Elizabeth Alexandra and Catherine Victoria.</summary>
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<name>Nancy-Ann DeParle</name>
<description>Director of White House Office of Health Reform</description>
<summary>Nancy-Ann DeParle has been a Director of Boston Scientific since April 2006. Ms. DeParle is a Managing Director of CCMP Capital Advisors, LLC and an Adjunct Professor at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. She had been a Senior Advisor for JPMorgan Partners from 2000 to 2006. Previously she served as the Administrator of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) (now the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) from 1997 to 2000. Prior to her role at HCFA, Ms. DeParle was the Associate Director for Health and Personnel at the White House Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1997 and served as commissioner of the Tennessee Department of Human Services from 1987 to 1989. She also has worked as a lawyer in private practice in Nashville, Tennessee and Washington, D.C. Ms. DeParle is a director of Cerner Corporation, DaVita Inc. and Legacy Hospital Partners, Inc. She is also a trustee of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and serves on the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission and on the editorial board of Health Affairs. Ms. DeParle received a B.A. degree from the University of Tennessee, a J.D. from Harvard Law School, and B.A. and M.A. degrees in Politics and Economics from Balliol College of Oxford University, where she was a Rhodes Scholar.</summary>
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<name>Gary F Locke</name>
<description>Secretary of Commerce (Confirmed 3-25-09)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
President Barack Obama needed a safe choice for his third attempt at nominating a Commerce secretary. Maybe that’s why former Washington state governor Locke’s name shot to the top of the president’s list.
The first Chinese-American governor in the U.S. had willingly stepped out of public life in 2004, deciding not to run for a third term as chief executive of the Evergreen State in a race in which he would have been heavily favored. Locke’s nomination came after Obama’s two previous Commerce secretary picks (New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson and Sen. Judd Gregg (R-N.H.)) withdrew.
Locke’s image couldn’t be more squeaky-clean. He's known as a reliable leader with scant personal baggage, who didn't take many chances while leading the state of Washington. “The former governor is such a straight arrow that ‘he probably overpaid his taxes’ just to avoid questions later,†Paul Berendt, former chairman of the Washington State Democratic Party, told the Seattle Times.(1)
But Locke was an effective chief executive from 1997 to 2005, helping to pass a budget that significantly cut state jobs, deferred pay raises for state employees and delayed funding for class-size increases in public schools in order to compensate for a $3 billion budget deficit.(2) As governor, Locke also worked with large businesses based in Washington state, including Boeing, Starbucks and Microsoft. Furthermore, he nurtured relations with China, where he travelled on trade missions three times. Since joining the Seattle office of the law firm Davis Wright Tremaine in 2004, Locke has visited China several times.
Path to Power
Locke’s rise to the top post in Washington state may have been written in the sand. A fortune-teller once told Locke’s father, James, that one of his sons would be famous. James Locke, a Chinese immigrant who had fought in World War II under Gen. George S. Patton, highly doubted the claim.(3)
That future-famous son started his career working at his father’s Chinese-American restaurant, Sadie’s Café, in Seattle. Locke worked from an early age, helping to support the family. He also showed a rebellious side. “I talked back to my parents," said Locke. “I felt unsure of my cultural identity. There was a conflict between the Chinese and American culture.â€Â(4)
Locke excelled in school and went to Yale University as an undergraduate before attending Boston University to earn a law degree in 1975. After school, Locke returned to Seattle to work as a King County deputy prosecutor. Then in 1982, he was elected to the Washington state house, staying there for 10 years, including four as the chairman of the state House Appropriations Committee.
In 1993, he became King County executive, a sort of manager for the highly-liberal area on the southeast side of Seattle. He used the position to gain a name for himself in the area, and in 1996, he ran for governor.
1996 Gubernatorial Run
That year, incumbent Gov. Mike Lowry (D) declined to run for re-election after accusations of sexual harassment towards an aide became public, leaving Locke an opening. In the primary, 15 candidates campaigned on the Republican and Democratic sides in a free-for-all for the open seat; Locke won with 24 percent of the vote. On the Republican side, the ultra-conservative, 64-year old born-again Christian, Ellen Craswell, won with 15 percent of the vote.(5)
During the campaign, Locke supported gay rights, affirmative action and abortion rights, while Craswell opposed them. She proved to be too conservative for Washington and Locke won by nearly 20 percentage points, making him the first Chinese-American governor in the U.S.
In 2000, Locke won reelection and in 2004, Locke chose not to run for a third term. He began working for the law firm Davis Wright Tremaine, focusing on China and energy issues.
The Issues
In February 2009, Sen. Gregg withdrew his name from consideration as Obama’s Commerce secretary. Gregg was Obama’s second choice after New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson chose to withdraw his name because of a grand jury investigation into possible “pay-to-play†activities.
Shortly after his confirmation, Locke found himself dealing with fallout of the 2008-2009 economic crisis, including the bankruptcies and bailouts of two of the Big Three Detroit automakers.
First Gubernatorial Term
Despite hailing from liberal King County, Locke steered a moderate course while governor. This lean toward the center might have been a necessity with a GOP-controlled legislature.
But during Locke’s first four years as governor, the economy was strong and crime was down, so opponents attacked the Democrat’s leadership skills and planning. Locke was labeled as reactionary and not sufficiently proactive. Some questioned Locke’s communications skills and criticized the governor for failing to express strong opinions on certain issues until the last minute.(6)
“Sometimes I haven't been as clear as I thought I was," said Locke. “I've tried to take extra pains to make it very clear what I'm talking about or to have (other) people in the room.â€Â
In 2000, the Republican Party tried to highlight all of these characteristics in a bid to defeat the incumbent Democrat. But the popular Locke won re-election with ease.
Second Gubernatorial Term
Locke easily sailed through his first term, but his second term was more challenging. In the spring of 2001, Boeing decided to move its headquarters out of Seattle to Chicago, 85 years after its founding in the Northwest region. This, coupled with the September 11 attacks, had a serious impact on Washington’s economy.
In order to deal with the worst recession in two decades, Washington had to push the budget into a $1.6 billion deficit by increasing government spending. Choosing not to raise taxes across the board to close the deficit, Locke urged legislators to consider an $8.5 billion transportation infrastructure relief package. The now Democratic-controlled legislature put a part of his plan, a 9 cent gas tax increase, on a ballot referendum instead. It failed.(7)
By 2003, the state deficit had reached $2.7 billion, but Locke was still able to negotiate a budget by postponing spending for a 2000 educational initiative, cutting 2,500 state jobs and deferring pay raises for state employees.(2) In order to create more jobs, he brokered a deal with Boeing, providing the aeronautical company with a $3.2 billion tax break if they manufactured a new fleet of jets in Washington. Then, late in the year, voters finally agreed to the governor’s gas tax increase, raising the price at the pump 5 cents per gallon.(7)
Locke could have run for a third-term as governor. But citing family reasons, Locke joined the law firm of Davis Wright Tremaine, where he focused on China and energy issues.
China
A source of pride in the Asian community, Locke has used his position to reach out to the Chinese government. While Locke served as governor, he made three trips to China on trade missions. In October 1997, Governor Locke sat down to chat with Chinese President Jiang Zemin. He discussed trade between Washington state and China, pushing the state’s agriculture and hawking Boeing jets.(8)
This unusual access continued after Locke became a lawyer and private citizen. He made several trips to China to develop connections within the country for American businesses, and also helped Chinese companies gain a foothold in the U.S. market. In 2006, he convinced current President Hu Jintao to visit Seattle and meet state officials and local businesses in the area. Locke even carried the Olympic torch during the relay in China prior to the Beijing Olympics.(1)
The Census
Locke is heading the agency in charge of the 2010 census. It's tricky political territory, and Locke discussed it with the Washington Post's Lois Romano in 2009:
The Network
When Locke became governor in 1997, Housing and Urban Development Deputy Secretary-designate Ron Sims replaced Locke as King County executive. Sims also served on the King County Council, while Locke was the King County executive.
Locke has ties within the Asian community in America, as well as leaders in China. In 2006, he convinced Chinese President Hu Jintao to visit Seattle, and meet with local political and business leaders.
Campaign Contributions
Locke has donated $3,050 since 1994. All of his money went toward Democratic campaigns.(9)
Footnotes
1.
Garber, Andrew and Heim, Kristi, "Former Gov. Gary Locke likely pick for U.S. commerce secretary," The Seattle Times, Feb. 24, 2009
2.
Stone, Bob and Cole, Rick, "Pinching pennies logically," Los Angeles Times, Dec. 21, 2007
3.
Egan, Timothy, "An Asian-American Told His Story to Whites and Won. For Black Politicians, It's a Riskier Strategy," The New York Times, June 20, 2000
4.
Paulson, Michael, "Locke's Asian Roots May be Big Asset in Bid for Governor," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, July 16, 1996
5.
Paulson, Michael and Zimmerman, Rachel, "A Moment of Triumph for Chinese American," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 6, 1996
6.
Galloway, Angela, "A Steady-As-You-Go Governor Locke Follows Studious Course, Fuels Criticism that he Shuns Risk," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 1, 2000
7.
Galloway, Angela, "Gary Locke: Fine-Tuning a Formula for Success," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Jan. 3, 2005
8.
Zimmerman, Rachel, "China's Doors Open For Locke Governor's Ancestry Merits Hourlong Chat With Jiang," Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Oct. 6, 1997
9.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<summary>Valerie B. Jarrett is Senior Advisor and Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Engagement. Prior to her current position, she served as Co-Chair of the Obama-Biden Presidential Transition Team, and Senior Advisor to Obama's presidential campaign.
Jarrett became the President and Chief Executive Officer of The Habitat Company on January 31, 2007. She had served as Executive Vice President of Habitat for 12 years. Prior to that, Jarrett served for eight years in Chicago government as Deputy Corporation Counsel for Finance and Development, Deputy Chief of Staff for Mayor Richard M. Daley, and Commissioner of the Department of Planning and Development. Before her city government service, Ms. Jarrett practiced law with two private law firms.
Prior to joining the Obama administration, Jarrett served as a Director of corporate and not for profit boards, including Chairman of the University of Chicago Medical Center Board of Trustees, and Vice Chair of the University of Chicago Board of Trustees, and the Chicago 2016 Olympic Committee. She was a Director of the Local Initiative Support Corporation, The Joyce Foundation, and a Trustee of the Museum of Science and Industry.
From 1995 to 2003, Jarrett served as Chairman of the Chicago Transit Board. Jarrett also served as Chairman of the Board of the Chicago Stock Exchange from April 2004 through April 2007. She was a Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago from January 2006 through April 2007. Jarrett served as Finance Chair for President Obama's 2004 run for the U.S. Senate.
Jarrett received her B.A. from Stanford University in 1978 and her J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1981.</summary>
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<summary>Dr. Steven Chu became the Director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a research laboratory of the Department of Energy managed by the University of California, in August 2004. From 1987 to August 2004, Dr. Chu served as a Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. At Stanford, Dr. Chu served as Chair of the Physics Department from 1990 through 1993 and from 1999 through 2001. From 1983 to 1987, Dr. Chu served as the head of the Quantum Electronics Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories, the research division of AT&T Corp., a telecommunications company. In 1997, Dr. Chu, with two colleagues at National Institute of Standards and Technology and College de France, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for the development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. Dr. Chu serves on the Board of Trustees of the University of Rochester and on the board of directors of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Dr. Chu holds an A.B. degree in Mathematics and a B.S. degree in Physics from the University of Rochester and a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California at Berkeley.
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<description>White House Social Secretary</description>
<summary>Desiree G. Rogers has been a Trustee of the Company since October 2003. Ms. Rogers was the President of Peoples Gas and North Shore Gas, which are regulated utility subsidiaries of Integrys Corporation. Ms. Rogers has long been a close friend of President Obama and his family, and is currently the White House Social Secretary. </summary>
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<description>US Vice President of the United States</description>
<summary>A Senator from Delaware and a Vice President of the United States; born in Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pa., November 20, 1942; educated at St. Helena’s School, Wilmington, Del., and Archmere Academy, Claymont, Del.; graduated, University of Delaware, Newark, 1965, and Syracuse (N.Y.) University College of Law 1968; admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969 and commenced practice in Wilmington; served on the New Castle County Council 1970-1972; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1972 and reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and again in 2008 and served from January 3, 1973, until January 15, 2009, when he resigned to become Vice President; chair, Committee on the Judiciary (One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses), Committee on Foreign Relations (One Hundred Seventh Congress [January 3-20, 2001; June 6, 2001-January 3, 2003], One Hundred Tenth Congress); was an unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination for president in 2008, but was elected Vice President of the United States on the Democratic ticket headed by Barack Obama, and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009.</summary>
<start_date>1942-11-20</start_date>
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<summary>(wife of President William Jefferson Clinton), former Senator from New York (2001-2009); born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois; attended public school in Park Ridge, Illinois; graduated Wellesley College, BA 1969; graduated Yale Law School, JD 1973; attorney; counsel, impeachment inquiry staff, House Judiciary Committee 1974; First Lady of Arkansas 1979-1981, 1983-1993; First Lady of the United States 1993-2001.
(wife of President William Jefferson Clinton), a Senator from New York; born on October 26, 1947, in Chicago, Illinois; attended public school in Park Ridge, Illinois; graduated Wellesley College, BA 1969; graduated Yale Law School, JD 1973; attorney; counsel, impeachment inquiry staff, House Judiciary Committee 1974; First Lady of Arkansas 1979-1981, 1983-1993; First Lady of the United States 1993-2001; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 2000; reelected in 2006, and served from January 3, 2001, until her resignation on January 21, 2009, to accept a Cabinet position; an unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination for president in 2008; Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Barack Obama, 2009-.</summary>
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<name>Rahm Emanuel</name>
<description>Mayor of Chicago: Former White House Chief of Staff</description>
<summary>Rahm Emanuel is the White House Chief of Staff. Prior to joining President Barack H. Obama's administration, Emanuel served in the House of Representatives, representing the fifth district of Illinois, and was Chairman of the House Democratic Caucus. As an advocate for Chicago's working families, Emanuel served on the House Ways and Means Committee, which oversees taxes, trade, Social Security, and Medicare issues.
Appointed by then House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, Emanuel served as Chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee for the 2006 cycle. Under his leadership, Democrats gained 30 seats in the House without losing a single incumbent, and ushered in a new Democratic majority for the first time in more than a decade.
In January 2007, the new majority elected Emanuel to serve as Democratic Caucus Chair, the fourth-highest-ranking member of the House Democratic Leadership. As Chair, Emanuel led the Democratic Caucus in fulfilling its campaign promise to pass legislation reflecting the values and priorities of the American people.
Before being elected to Congress, Emanuel worked at the Chicago investment bank Wasserstein Perella. He was a core member of the Clinton White House from 1993 to 1998, starting as the national finance director for the 1992 campaign and eventually becoming Senior Adviser to the President for Policy and Strategy. In 1989, Emanuel was a senior adviser and chief fundraiser for Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley's campaign. He also played an important role in Paul Simon's 1984 campaign for the Senate.
Emanuel graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1981 and received a Master's Degree in Speech and Communication from Northwestern University in 1985. He and his wife, Amy Rule, have three children, Zach, Ilana, and Leah.</summary>
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<description>Obama Transportation Secretary; former US Representative from Illinois</description>
<summary>A Representative from Illinois; born in Peoria, Peoria County, Ill., December 6, 1945; graduated from Spalding High School, Chicago, Ill.; attended Spoon River Community College, Canton, Ill.; B.S., Bradley University, Peoria, Ill., 1971; teacher; director, Rock Island County Youth Services Bureau, 1972-1974; chief planner, Bi-States Metropolitan Planning Commission, 1974-1977; aide to United States Representative Thomas F. Railsback of Illinois, 1977-1982; member of the Illinois state house of representatives, 1982-1983; aide to United States Representative Robert H. Michel of Illinois, 1983-1994; elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Fourth and to the six succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1995-present).</summary>
<start_date>1945-12-06</start_date>
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<name>Barack Obama</name>
<description>President of the United States</description>
<summary>The 44th President of the United States, he was sworn into office on January 20, 2009; born in Honolulu, Hawaii, August 4, 1961; obtained early education in Jakarta, Indonesia, and Hawaii; continued education at Occidental College, Los Angeles, Calif.; received a B.A. in 1983 from Columbia University, New York City; worked as a community organizer in Chicago, Ill.; studied law at Harvard University, where he became the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review, and received J.D. in 1991; lecturer on constitutional law, University of Chicago; member, Illinois State senate 1997-2004; elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2004 for term beginning January 3, 2005.</summary>
<start_date>1961-08-04</start_date>
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<website>http://www.whitehouse.gov/</website>
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<name>Ken Salazar</name>
<description>US Senator from Colorado</description>
<summary>(brother of John Salazar), a Senator from Colorado; born in Alamosa, Colorado, March 2, 1955; B.A., political science, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo., 1977; J.D., University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1981; practiced law in Denver, Colo., 1981-1986, 1994-1998; chief legal counsel, Governor Roy Romer of Colorado, 1986-1990; executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources 1990-1994; Colorado State attorney general 1999-2005; elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2004, and served from January 3, 2005, until his resignation on January 20, 2009, to accept a Cabinet position; Secretary of the Interior in the Cabinet of President Barack Obama, 2009-.</summary>
<start_date>1955-03-02</start_date>
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<website>http://salazar.senate.gov</website>
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<name>Hilda Solis</name>
<description>Obama Labor Secretary; former US Representative from California (Not from Bay Area)</description>
<summary>A Representative from California; born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif, October 20, 1957; B.A., California Polytechnic University, Pomona, Calif., 1979; M.A., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1981; White House Office of Hispanic Affairs; analyst, Office of Management and Budget; member of the Rio Hondo, Calif., Community College board of trustees, 1985-1992; member of the California state assembly, 1992-1994; member of the California state senate, 1994-2001; elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred Seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 2001-present).
A Representative from California; born in Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Calif, October 20, 1957; B.A., California Polytechnic University, Pomona, Calif., 1979; M.A., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1981; White House Office of Hispanic Affairs; analyst, Office of Management and Budget; member of the Rio Hondo, Calif., Community College board of trustees, 1985-1992; member of the California state assembly, 1992-1994; member of the California state senate, 1994-2001; elected as a Democrat to the One Hundred Seventh and to the four succeeding Congresses until her resignation on February 24, 2009 (January 3, 2001-February 24, 2009); Secretary of Labor in the Cabinet of President Barack Obama, 2009-present.</summary>
<start_date>1957-10-20</start_date>
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<name>Tom Daschle</name>
<description>Former US Representative and Senator from South Dakota</description>
<summary>A Representative and a Senator from South Dakota; born in Aberdeen, S. Dak. on December 9, 1947; attended private and public schools; graduated South Dakota State University 1969; served in the United States Air Force 1969-1972; elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-sixth Congress in 1978 and reelected to the three succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1979-January 3, 1987); elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1986; reelected in 1992 and 1998 and served from January 3, 1987, to January 3, 2005; co-chair, Democratic Policy Committee, Democratic Conference (1989-1999); minority leader (1995-June 6, 2001; 2003-2005); majority leader (June 6, 2001-January 3, 2003); unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 2004.</summary>
<start_date>1947-12-09</start_date>
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<website>http://daschle.senate.gov/</website>
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<name>Larry Summers</name>
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<summary>Summers, an economist and Treasury Secretary from 1999-2001, is currently the Director of the National Economic Council in the Obama Administration.
....
A controversial genius, Summers has long been considered a top U.S. economic brain. As the new head of the National Economic Council (NEC), Summers will now have a chance to exercise maximum sway over U.S. economic policy as the top White House economic adviser during the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression.
The former Clinton Treasury secretary was an influential adviser to President Barack Obama during the 2008 campaign and his name topped the list for a return trip to head the Treasury department in 2009. Instead, that slot went to a Summers’ protégé: New York Fed Chairman Timothy Geithner.
That may be because despite Summers intellectual heft, he has ruffled more than a few feathers in his storied career, including feminists and women’s groups who railed at Summers’ suggestion, when president of Harvard University, that women were innately inferior to men when it came to math or science. Such a track record could have caused Obama more than a few headaches during Senate confirmation hearings; the head of the NEC does not have to be confirmed by Congress.
Summers was ahead of the curve in sensing how much risk the economy faced from the popping of the housing and credit bubbles. He argued for aggressive government measures to combat it before most of the economics profession caught on to the severity of the crisis, and has been a loud voice for a bailout package and an economic stimulus measure to curb the credit struggles of banks and stave off home foreclosures.
Summers says his role as an Obama economic adviser is to help "think about how we can move this economy forward with the greatest decisiveness, with the greatest possible energy, at what is a critical time, probably the most serious economic situation we've faced since the Depression," he said.(1)
Path to Power
Summers may have been genetically programmed to become an economist. Both his parents were professors of economics at Ivy League schools, and two of his uncles — Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow — won Nobel Prizes in economics. "I wasn't any good at math or physics," says Summers, "so I became an economist.â€Â(2)
However, when Summers joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a 16 year-old undergrad, he couldn’t pinpoint his career aspirations. He was leaning towards studying mathematics when his father ran into celebrated Harvard economist, and future chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Ronald Reagan, Martin Feldstein. Feldstein agreed to take Summers on as an intern for the summer after his sophomore year. After graduating from M.I.T, Summers attended Harvard and studied under Feldstein to earn his Ph.D in economics. Feldstein sponsored his doctorate.(3)
While earning his doctorate, Summers was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease. The chemotherapy treatment worked, and the disease has not returned.(4)
Feldstein would shepherd Summers into the public sector. President Ronald Reagan named Feldstein to chair his Council of Economic Advisers. Summers would join his mentor, working as an economist for ten months at the White House. He would then return to Harvard as a professor.(3)
By age 28, Summers had become one of the youngest tenured professors in the famed institution's history. He moved on to the World Bank as its chief economist in 1991, before leaving two years later.(5)
Joining the Treasury
The year 1993 was a good one for Summers. He received the famed John Bates Clark Medal, which is given to the top economist under 40. It's seen as a stepping stone to the Nobel Prize. That year, President Bill Clinton also named him as Treasury undersecretary for International Affairs, which meant he was the nation’s top financial diplomat. Euromoney called him "the most ambitious Harvard professor to come to Washington since Henry Kissinger.â€Â(3)
The comparison to Kissinger has not disappeared. In December 2008, Time magazine said Summers "is expected to do for the economy what strong-minded and ambitious National Security Advisers like Henry Kissinger have done for foreign policy: plan it, set it and control it.â€Â(6)
It was as Treasury undersecretary that Summers first met Geithner. Summers immediately took notice of the Treasury special assistant because of his original thoughts and willingness to confront him when he thought Summers was wrong. Summers quickly promoted the young Geithner to deputy assistant secretary, jumping many levels of the bureaucracy. As Summers climbed the Treasury ladder, Summers would continue to promote Geithner along with him.(7)
In 1995, Summers became deputy Treasury secretary to Treasury first Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin. While working under Rubin, Summers helped respond to the Mexican peso crisis and aided by Geithner, to formulate U.S. policy towards the Asian financial crisis. Time magazine even included Summers on its cover with the headline, “The Committee to Save the World,†along with Rubin and Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan.(8)
But even then, Summers’ strong points-of-view — his detractors would call it intellectual bullying — caused problems. Some Asian publications compared him to General MacArthur for the way he pushed banking reform onto various countries.(9)
Treasury Secretary
By 1999, when Rubin stepped down as Treasury secretary, Summers was the obvious replacement. The 43 year-old took office with little debate or dissent.
During his two-year tenure as Treasury’s top official, Summers used surpluses in the budget to repurchase Treasury debt and pay down the deficit, which hadn’t happened since the 1920s.(10)
When President Clinton’s term ended, Summers returned to Harvard, this time as the institution’s president. Summers’ tenure as the hallowed institution’s president drew more notoriety than his stint as the government’s top financial official.
Leading Harvard
First in 2001, Summers worked to (successfully) oust Harvard African-American studies professor Cornel West. When Summers first took office, he met with West and asked him to produce more academic work and to come in every couple months to update Summers on his progress.
This outraged black civil-rights activists and Democratic power-players like the Rev. Jesse Jackson, and the media quickly jumped on the story. Summers met with West again in January 2002 in what was described as a cordial meeting. West said Summers apologized. Summers denied apologizing, and West eventually left to teach at Princeton University.(11)
But the flap with West was minor compared to the next Summers controversy. In 2005, at an academic conference, Summers questioned whether there was an “innate†difference between men and women that pushed women away from math and sciences. This created a surge of criticism from professors, students and national women’s groups. He apologized soon afterwards, but some felt it wasn’t enough. ‘“Apology or no apology, a lot of damage has been done by reinforcing these stereotypes,’ said economics Professor Caroline M. Hoxby, who was at Harvard for about 11 years.â€Â(12)
The controversy energized a broad group of Harvard faculty dissatisfied with what they viewed as Summers’ dictatorial style. Summers would resign from Harvard in 2006, but he still holds a professor position.
After Harvard, Summers joined the hedge fund D.E. Shaw & Co. as its part-time managing director. Working one-day a week, Summers took home over $5 million in the two years he spent at Shaw, acccording to financial reports released by the White House.(13) He also wrote a regular column in the Financial Times newspaper, in which he explained his views of the financial crisis as it broadened.
The Issues
As head of the NEC, Summers will be Obama’s top White House economic adviser. He is likely to have an imprint on every area of economic policy.
Already during the transition, Summers and Geithner have led marathon discussions with other Obama economic advisers over how to restructure the financial system rescue to demand more accountability from banks in how they use money the government invests in them. The two have plotted how to try to use government funds to reduce the number of home foreclosures. And they have designed the outlines of an $800 billion stimulus package comprised of tax cuts and vast new spending in a range of areas.
“'Summers is the thinker, the ideas guy,' said one Obama economic adviser. ‘Geithner is the implementer.’â€Â(14)
One obvious Summers’ imprint on Obama’s strategy is visible in the president’s comments about the budget deficit. Summers argues for big deficits in the short run, to help ease the pain of the recession, coupled with fiscal responsibility in the long run. Obama has regularly adopted similar language.
Financial Crisis
Summers arrived at the view that the nation was on the verge of a serious recession sooner than did people within the Bush administration and the Fed. By November 2007, Summers warned that the subprime mortgage crisis could very well lead to a recession.
“Three months ago it was reasonable to expect that the subprime credit crisis would be a financially significant event but not one that would threaten the overall pattern of economic growth. This is still a possible outcome but no longer the preponderant probability,†he said.(15)
Since coming to that conclusion, Summers has pushed for an economic stimulus, as well as measures to prevent home foreclosures. In August 2008, he mentioned the possibility that the government may need to take control of major financial institutions.
“Third, there is the question of whether government will need to find a way to recapitalise institutions through taking some kind of preferred interest, as ultimately proved necessary in the US in the 1930s and Japan in the 1990s,†Summers wrote. “Government involvement in recapitalising financial institutions is like devaluation: a very unattractive last resort. Delay is tempting, but it can be enormously costly.â€Â(16)
President Bush, Treasury secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke have used all three of those tactics, but came to the same conclusion two months later.
Summers has urged Obama to pass another economic stimulus package in order to get people spending again. He believes this will help homeowners pay bills that could cause more defaults if left unpaid. He also urged Obama to support the $700 billion bailout bill.(1)
Increased Financial Regulation
From the moment President Obama entered office, the administration worked to stymie the 2008-2009 recession. With efforts like the continued distribution of the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds and enactment of the $787 billion stimulus package, it appeared as if the downturn had finally stabilized by the spring of 2009. But in order to prevent another crisis, Summers and Geithner proposed reform of the entire regulatory system.
In June 2009, the plan to increase financial regulation began to take shape when Summers and Geithner published an op-ed in the Washington Post. The two officials outlined five moves the administration would make to help assure that a downturn as severe as the 2008-2009 recession would never occur again. First, they proposed issuing requirements for raising capital and liquidity levels. Although they didn't name specifics, Summers and Geithner said that the larger, more interconnected firms would have more stringent liquidity requirements. Firms whose failure could threaten the financial system would have more comprehensive supervision from the Federal Reserve. The officials also said a "council of regulators" will be created with a broader mandate of keeping the financial system safe.(17)
The second move that Summers and Geithner announced was the stricter regulation of securities and derivatives, a sophisticated financial tool that takes its value from the success or failure of other assets. The plan is to impose more rigorous requirements when selling asset-backed securities, while convincing regulators and investors to decrease their dependence on credit agencies. They said that all derivatives will be regulated.(17)
Summers and Geithner also want to increase efforts to protect consumers and investors, while promising to work with and encourage the rest of the world to boost supervision of financial markets. Finally, the two called for the creation of a mechanism to handle the dismantling of a financial firm that could have significant impact on the market, if it failed. "This authority will be available only in extraordinary circumstances, but it will help ensure that the government is no longer forced to choose between bailouts and financial collapse," wrote Summers and Geithner.(17)
The Network
Summers has spent many years in academia and governmental circles and has the connections to show for it.
His mentor in college was Martin Feldstein, who was chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan. President Bill Clinton named Summers as an undersecretary at Treasury, and Secretary Robert Rubin became his mentor, pushing him as an eventual successor. Summers met Timothy Geithner when he was a young career staffer at Treasury, and promoted him into senior jobs; now, Geithner is Obama’s Treasury Secretary.
Unlike many academics, though, Summers also has extensive knowledge of Wall Street arcane from his work as Treasury secretary and at hedge fund D.E. Shaw.
Campaign Contributions
Summers has given $8,800 to campaigns since 2002, all of which went to Democrats. In July, Summers gave $2,500 to Obama and $2,300 to Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-NY).(18)
Footnotes
1.
Kranish, Michael, ‘Summers could return to D.C., bringing baggage He is viewed as brilliant adviser,’ The Boston Globe, Nov. 8, 2008
2.
Jereski, Laura, 'Nobel House: Economist Lawrence Summers,' Forbes, Jan. 25, 1988
3.
Kilborn, Peter T., ‘The Economists Behind the Candidates; Summers: A Legacy of Liberalism,’ The New York Times, June 5, 1988
4.
Sanger, David E., ‘The Administration's Fiscal Closer,’ The New York Times, May 13, 1999
5.
'Treasury Secretary Rubin Resigns; Deputy Summers Picked As Successor,’ Dow Jones Business News, May 12, 1999
6.
Calabresi, Massimo and Fox, Justin, ‘Why He Just Can't Wait,’ Time, Dec. 8, 2008
7.
Solomon, Deborah and Phillips, Michael M., ‘The Obama Transition: Two vie for Treasury post --- Summers, Geithner top Obama shortlist, have close career ties,’ The Wall Street Journal Asia, Nov. 10, 2008
8.
Wessel, David, ‘Summers Break: Rubin's Departure Will Test How Well He Groomed Successor --- Clones on Policy, Two Men Differ on Tack: Protege Lacks Mentor's Restraint --- Haunted by His Old Ideas?,’ The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 1999
9.
Hirsh, Michael and Rosenberg, Debra, ‘Grooming Mr. Summers.,’ Newsweek, May 24, 1999
10.
Department of the Treasury
11.
Duke, Lynne, ‘Moving Target; With the Harvard Flak Behind Him, Cornel West Heads to Princeton. And He's Ready to Give His Critics Plenty to Talk About,’ The Washington Post, Aug. 11, 2002
12.
Mehren, Elizabeth, ‘The Nation; Harvard President Issues an Apology for Remarks; He implied in a speech that women were less capable at math and science than men,’ Los Angeles Times, Jan. 20, 2005
13.
Story, Louise, "A Rich Education for Summers (After Harvard)," The New York Times, April 5, 2009
14.
Weisman, Jonathan, ‘Geithner, Summers to take the lead on New Economic Team,†Wall Street Journal, Nov. 24, 2008
15.
Summers, Lawrence, 'Wake up to the dangers of a deepening crisis,’ The Financial Times, Nov. 25, 2007
16.
Summers, Lawrence, ‘Big Freeze part 4: A US recovery,’ The Financial Times, Aug. 6, 2008
17.
Geithner, Timothy and Summers, Lawrence, "A New Financial Foundation," The Washington Post, June 15, 2009
18.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<name>David Axelrod</name>
<description>Senior Advisor to the President (Appointed 11-19-08)</description>
<summary>David Axelrod is Senior Advisor to President Barack H. Obama. Prior to that, he served as Senior Advisor to the Obama-Biden Presidential Transition and Senior Strategist to Barack Obama's campaign for the presidency.
Since 1988, Axelrod has been Senior Partner at the consulting firm AKP&D Message and Media, based in Chicago. In that capacity, he managed media strategy and communications for more than 150 local, state, and national campaigns, with a focus on progressive candidates and causes.
In 2006, Axelrod ran the independent expenditure media program for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, helping Democrats regain the majority in the House of Representatives. That same year, Axelrod served as media adviser to Deval Patrick, who was elected Massachusetts's first Democratic governor in 16 years and the state's first-ever African American governor. In 2004, when President Obama was a member of the Illinois State Senate, Axelrod helped him defeat a primary field of six other Democrats and go on to a landslide win in his U.S. Senate campaign.
Before entering politics in 1984, Axelrod spent eight years as a reporter for The Chicago Tribune, where he covered national, state, and local politics. In 1981, he became the youngest political writer and columnist in the paper's history. He also served as the Tribune's City Hall bureau chief.
Active in charitable work in Chicago, Axelrod has supported Special Olympics and Misericordia. In 1998, he and his wife, Susan, helped found Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE), which has raised more than $9 million so far for scientists searching for a cure.
Axelrod was born in New York City on February 22, 1955, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School and the University of Chicago. He served as an Adjunct Professor of Communication Studies at Northwestern University and has lectured on political media at Harvard University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Pennsylvania. He is married to Susan Landau and has three children, Lauren, Michael, and Ethan.</summary>
<start_date>1955-02-22</start_date>
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<name>Mark Patterson</name>
<description>Chief of Staff to Tim Geithner</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
The man who worked behind the scenes for ex-Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-S.D.) and former Sen. Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D-N.Y.) suddenly finds himself center stage as chief of staff at the Obama Treasury Department. A former lobbyist for banking giant Goldman Sachs, Patterson came under fire as he was named to the post the same day Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner outlined rules to keep lobbyists away from the decision process for the allocation of the rest of the bailout money, known as the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).
Patterson was allowed to join the Treasury despite President Barack Obama’s executive order signed January 21, 2009, that bans the hiring of a lobbyist to work in an issue area in which they have lobbied over the past two years.(1) Patterson was considered the best man for the job, and he’ll step away from government duties related to Goldman, a company that has received $10 billion in government bailout funds.(2)
He joins the Treasury at a tumultuous time as the department is at the center of the administration’s efforts to stave off more job losses and rescue the U.S. economy. Geithner and Obama invested considerable political capital in passing the $787 billion economic stimulus bill in February 2009. They also introduced plans detailing the most efficient way to use the final $350 billion of the TARP fund that the Senate authorized in January 2009.
Path to Power
As a staffer for prominent senators throughout his career, Patterson has spent much of his life in the background. Patterson was born to a New York librarian mother and a father who was a high school English teacher.(3) He earned his undergraduate degree from the State University of New York at Albany and received a law degree from Catholic University.
Patterson worked on Capitol Hill for Sen. Moynihan from 1985 to 1988. After going to law school and working in a private practice for several years, he rejoined Moynihan’s office as a legislative director before getting promoted to chief counsel for the Senate Finance Committee.(4) In 1999, Patterson joined Sen. Tom Daschle’s (D-S.D.) staff as policy director before becoming staff director for the moderate Democratic Leadership Committee.(5) He would work there until the end of 2003 when he went back to the private sector as a Goldman lobbyist.
Registered Lobbyist
While at Goldman, Patterson was a registered lobbyist for topics that included energy tax credits, tax treatment of corporate reorganization transactions and covered bonds.(2) He kept an eye on other issues that the company never took a stance on like foreclosure-prevention measures and executive compensation rules regarding shareholder votes.(6) Patterson stayed at the bank until April 2008.
The Issues
On Geithner’s first full-day on the job at Treasury, he announced rules that limited lobbyist influence on the $350 billion worth of TARP funds released in January 2009 to the new administration. But on that same day, Geithner also named Patterson, a former Goldman lobbyist, as his chief of staff.(7)
Despite some criticism, Patterson received a White House waiver to work at Treasury, and he has promised to recuse himself when certain issues related to Goldman Sachs are discussed.(2)
"Mr. Patterson has a long history of public service in the United States Senate. He brings significant expertise to the job of chief of staff, and has agreed to a far-reaching ethics pledge to remove any hint of a conflict of interest," said Treasury spokeswoman Stephanie Cutter.(6)
The Network
Patterson worked in a few positions under ex-Sen. Tom Daschle (D), and was considered part of Daschle’s inner circle, along with lawyer Mark Childress.(8)
Campaign Contributions
While working at Goldman Sachs, Patterson donated $20,350 in political contributions since 2004. All of his campaign donations went to Democratic candidates, including $4,000 to Tom Daschle in 2004.(9)</summary>
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<name>William J Wilkins</name>
<description>Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service, Assistant General Counsel for Treasury</description>
<summary>William J. Wilkins was confirmed by the United States Senate to serve as Chief Counsel for the Internal Revenue Service and as Assistant General Counsel at the Department of the Treasury.
"William Wilkins is a widely recognized expert in tax policy and his guidance will be a valuable asset to this Administration. We are pleased to welcome him to our team," said Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner.
Wilkins has been a partner in the Tax Practice group of Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP (WilmerHale) since 1988, where he has counseled nonprofit organizations, business entities and investment funds on the issues of tax compliance, business transactions and government investigations. From 1981 through 1988, Wilkins worked for the United States Senate Committee on Finance, first as a tax counsel and then as Staff Director and Chief Counsel. He was an associate with King & Spalding in Atlanta before joining the Senate Finance Committee.
Wilkins serves as Chair of the Section of Taxation of the American Bar Association. He also served on the governing boards of the American College of Tax Counsel and the American Tax Policy Institute. Wilkins is a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Law School.</summary>
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<name>Ronald Klain</name>
<description>Assistant to the President & Chief of Staff to the Vice President (Appointed 11-15-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Klain is starting his second stint as chief of staff for a U.S. vice president. With the exception of the drawn-out recount fight in Florida after the 2000 presidential election, Klain has spent his entire professional career in Washington, both in and out of government. In 1994, Time magazine put him on its list of 50 lawyers under 40 to watch.(1)
Harvard law professor Laurence Tribe called Klain “one of the most politically talented and intellectually powerful students I've ever had.â€Â(1) Klain was the youngest chief counselor on the Senate Judiciary Committee at age 27, was chief of staff to the attorney general at 31, and moved into the White House to be Vice President Al Gore’s chief of staff at age 34. After Klain left Capitol Hill for the Clinton White House, then-Sen. Joseph R. Biden (D-Del.) said he would be happy to see Klain on the Supreme Court someday.(2) After Biden was elected vice president, he tapped Klain to be his chief of staff. Klain had been out of government since 2000, working as an attorney and lobbyist for the D.C. law firm O’Melveny and Myers.
Klain is probably best known outside Washington for his work during the 2000 presidential election. After the polls closed, Texas Gov. George W. Bush was leading Vice President Al Gore by 1,000 votes in the critical state of Florida. Klain led the Gore team in demanding a recount in some strong Democratic counties and had cut Bush’s margin down to about 200 votes before the recount was stopped by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Klain’s role in this drama was immortalized in the 2008 HBO movie “Recount,†in which Kevin Spacey portrayed him as the hard-charging lawyer. After the movie was released, Klain told Newsweek that “it’s definitely painful to watch.â€Â(3)
Path to Power
Klain grew up in Indiana, did his undergraduate work at Georgetown University, interned for Sen. Birch Bayh (D-Ind.) and then graduated magna cum laude from Harvard Law School. He clerked for Supreme Court Justice Byron White for two years, then became the Senate Judiciary Committee’s youngest-ever chief counsel at the age of 27.(4)
He was Washington director of the Clinton-Gore presidential campaign in 1992, worked on the transition team after the Democrats won the election, then became an associate in the White House counsel’s office. He helped shepherd Attorney General Janet Reno and Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg through the Senate’s confirmation process, then became Reno’s chief of staff at age 31.(1) “Should a 31-year-old law school graduate like Ron Klain be in charge of judicial appointment evaluations?†Steven Trott, a former Justice Department official under President Ronald Reagan, asked in a debate with Reno. She said yes.
Top members of the Democratic Party have always had a great deal of respect for Klain. Reno wanted Klain as her chief of staff immediately after being confirmed, but President Clinton said he needed Klain to work on judicial appointments. Klain had a hand in many of the Clinton administration’s decisions on judicial issues, but he briefly left the administration to go back to Capitol Hill as staff director for the Senate Democratic Leadership Committees. In 1995, Vice President Al Gore asked Klain to be his chief of staff.(5)
Klain took the job and stayed there until 1999, when Gore’s campaign for President began to heat up. When Gore replaced campaign manager Peter King with Tony Coelho, Klain, who was reportedly close to King, left the campaign.(6) Klain insisted that he was friendly with Coelho, who urged him to stay, but said he wanted to spend more time with his young children. He joined the law firm of O’Melveny and Myers but stayed with the campaign as an informal, unpaid adviser.(7)
2000 Recount
Klain's role grew dramatically in the weeks following the 2000 election, when he traveled to Florida to head Gore’s legal team during the recount.(8) The explosive recount endured for far longer than expected, and involved several courts and the Florida legislature. , in an attempt to show that Gore could make up his 1,000-vote statewide deficit, Gore’s campaign asked for recounts in a handful of jurisdictions, including heavily Democratic Broward and Palm Beach counties. Bush’s campaign team accused Gore’s lawyers of trying to block the counting of absentee votes, which were believed to favor Bush. Klain’s team filed a brief accusing Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris (R) of a “Kafkaesque†approach because she tried to stop the hand-counting of ballots and then said she wouldn’t include the hand-counting in the vote total.(9)
The Gore team employed dozens of lawyers, but Klain was the go-to guy on all briefs for the Florida Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court.(2) "Ron is not the kind of person who gives an assignment and goes home. He has regularly and consistently exhausted himself," O’Melveny and Myers attorney Mark Steinberg said. "This moment is the greatest possible challenge for a talent like Ron. It's an opportunity to be at the center of history, and it calls on the skills that he has."(2)
Gore was on the losing side of history when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of stopping the recount, effectively electing Bush. After the decision, Klain worked on a brief arguing that the high court’s ruling contained a loophole that could be used to keep the recount going. But Gore decided not to pursue that option and conceded instead.(10) The saga was documented in HBO’s 2008 docudrama “Recount†in which Klain was played by Kevin Spacey. "It's the story of a horrible defeat, from my perspective, and an unjust outcome," Klain said. "That said, I'm glad the story is being told because I think there are a lot of important lessons for our system and for the changes that we need to make."(11)
Private Sector and Obama Adviser
After the election, Klain returned to O’Melveny and Myers, where he worked as a partner until 2005. While there, he lobbied for an airline merger, for mortgage regulations to help Fannie Mae and for drug manufacturers, among others. Lobbying accounted for “approximately 10 percent of his work in a given year,†Obama transition spokesman Tommy Vietor said.(12) Klain left the law firm in 2005 to become vice president and senior counsel for Revolution LLC, a company created by AOL co-founder Steve Case. That move made him eligible to work in the Obama-Biden administration under its rules. Obama has said he will not hire anyone to work in areas related to their lobbying if they have worked as a lobbyist within the last two years.(13)
Klain worked as an adviser to the 2008 presidential campaign and helped prepare Sens. Obama and Biden for their debates.(14) Klain was one of the first hires announced in November after Obama and Biden were elected. “Ron Klain has been a trusted adviser of mine for over 20 years," Biden said in a statement shortly after the hiring was announced. "He brings extraordinary judgment, a deep understanding of the important policy issues facing our nation, a wide range of experience in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government, as well as a unique understanding of how the vice president's office works.â€Â(15)
The Issues
Klain is one of the Democratic Party’s top legal scholars. During his time as an associate in the Clinton White House counsel’s office, Klain was charged with evaluating potential judicial appointees, from attorney general to Supreme Court justices. He worked with attorney general candidate Janet Reno during her Senate confirmation hearings, and with Supreme Court nominee Ruth Bader Ginsburg during her confirmation.(4)
When Klain was chief counsel of the Senate Judiciary Committee, he wrote most of the omnibus crime bill that was vetoed by President George H.W. Bush, and, working for the Clinton campaign, he suggested the future president’s initiative to add 100,000 new police officers. Klain was a key player in the passage of Clinton’s new crime bill that included more police officers, and he used his contacts on the Hill to help push the House to pass an assault weapons ban.(4)
The Network
Klain has worked closely with many of the most influential people in the Democratic Party. When he was chief of staff for Vice President Al Gore, John Podesta (who later headed President Barack Obama’s transition team) was White House chief of staff and Rep. Rahm Emanuel (D-Ill.), Obama’s chief of staff, was a White House aide.
Klain also served as chief counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee while Vice President Joseph R. Biden was serving on the committee, and the senator was extremely impressed with the expertise of the young Klain. Former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-S.D.) appointed Klain to be staff director of the Senate Democratic Leadership Committees. Klain has known Sen. Evan Bayh (D-Ind.) since he was a teenager. He worked for Bayh’s father and advised Bayh when the senator was contemplating a 2008 presidential bid. Klain also has worked closely with former Secretary of State Warren Christopher and Supreme Court advocate Walter Dellinger at the O’Melveny and Myers law firm.
Footnotes
1.
Van Biema, David, “Tomorrow,†Time Magazine, Dec. 5, 1994
2.
Slevin, Peter, “Fast-track lawyer faces biggest challenge in Fla. Whirlwind: Behind Scenes, Klain is Gore’s Post-Election legal Maestro,†The Washington Post, Dec. 11, 2000
3.
“A look back at the battle of 2000,†Newsweek, May 26, 2008
4.
Shalit, Ruth, “The kids are alright,†The New Republic, July 18, 1994
5.
Press release, “Vice Pres. Announces Ronald Klain as chief of staff,†Office of the Vice President, Oct. 20, 1995
6.
Bazinet, Kenneth, “Top aide quits Gore campaign,†New York Daily News, Aug. 4, 1999
7.
Schneider, Mary Beth, “Top aide leaves Gore for simplest reason,†The Indianapolis Star, Aug. 8, 1999
8.
“Top Gore aides head to Florida,†Agence France Presse – English, Nov. 8, 2000
9.
Balz, Dan, “Up by 930, Bush side assails Recount; Campaign calls hand tallies ‘flawed’ as absentee votes widen Governor’s lead,†The Washington Post, Nov. 19, 2000
10.
Sweet, Lynn, “The Exit: When Gore called his lawyers, he said: ‘That was some election night, wasn’t it.’; Battle ends as legal brief is buried,†The Chicago Sun-Times, Dec. 14, 2000
11.
Groppe, Maureen, “Hoosier portrayed in recount film; Attorney was Gore’s chief advisor in 2000 presidential vote fight,†May 25, 2008
12.
Kenneth P. Vogel, “Klain arrives with K Street roots,†Politico.com, Nov. 14, 2008
13.
Vogel, Kenneth P., “Klain arrives with K Street roots,†Politico.com, Nov. 14, 2008
14.
Groppe, Maureen, “Speculation swirls about who will join Obama administration,†Gannett News Service, Nov. 7, 2008
15.
Steinhauser, Paul, “Obama, Biden appoint advisers,†Nov. 15, 2008</summary>
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<name>Thomas E Donilon</name>
<description>Deputy National Security Advisor (Appointed 12-23-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
For a long time, Donilon lived his life from presidential campaign to campaign.
The Democratic operative worked on his first Democratic National Convention at 24, and he’s been helping elect candidates ever since. He has worked for Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton and Joseph R. Biden.
He has also served in policy roles, working as assistant secretary of state for public affairs and as former Clinton secretary of State Warren Christopher’s chief of staff. In that role, Donilon was intimately involved in many major foreign policy issues, including negotiating the Bosnian peace agreement and the expansion of NATO.
He was a registered lobbyist from 1999 through 2005, and his sole client was Fannie Mae.
Donilon worked as a member of President Barack Obama’s transition team, where he vetted potential State Department officials.(1) He was named deputy national security adviser.(2)
Path to Power
Donilon was born in Providence , R.I.(3)
He was inspired to go into politics after reading Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail by Hunter S. Thompson in high school. He moved to Washington, D.C., for college, receiving his undergraduate degree from Catholic University in 1977.
He accepted an internship as an aide to President Jimmy Carter and quickly climbed the political ranks. In 1980, at the age of 24, he worked on the Democratic National Convention and helped thwart Sen. Edward M. Kennedy’s (D-Mass.) last-minute bid for the presidential nomination.
Four years later, Donilon helped Carter transition back to private life after he lost the presidency to Ronald Reagan.
Four years after that, Donilon was back on the national stage as campaign coordinator for 1984 Democratic presidential candidate Walter F. Mondale.
He earned a law degree from the University of Virginia in 1985 and was a member of the school’s Law Review.
In 1988, Donilon served as one of then-Sen. Joseph R. Biden’s (D-Del.) closest advisers during his presidential campaign. Biden was fresh off a stint as Senate Judiciary Committee chairman, where he presided over the most controversial Supreme Court nomination ever by considering Reagan’s nomination (ultimately unsuccessful) of Robert Bork.
As informal campaign adviser, Donilon played a key role in successfully convincing the Senate to defeat Bork’s nomination.(4)
When Biden lost his presidential bid after being accused of plagiarism, Donilon became a senior adviser to Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis’ presidential campaign.
In 1991, Donilon joined O’Melveny & Meyers law firm as a partner. He was on the firm’s governing committee and heads its strategic counseling practice. Additionally, he led the firm’s effort to increase its pro-bono work.(5)
He was a senior counsel to President Bill Clinton’s transition effort in 1992.
Clinton Administration
Donilon formally entered a presidential administration in 1993, when he was named chief of staff to secretary of State Warren Christopher. In 1996, he became assistant secretary of state for public affairs. He visited over 50 countries in those positions and worked on several major foreign policy initiatives, including the Balkans peace negotiation, the expansion of NATO and the relationship between the U.S. and China.
Fannie Mae
In 1999, Donilon accepted an executive vice president position at Fannie Mae. He has been accused of painting an unrealistically rosy picture of how the company was doing and of supervising an “aggressive backdoor lobbying campaign … to undermine the credibility of a probe into the firm's accounting irregularities,†according to ABC News.(6)
Donilon left Fannie Mae in 2005 and returned to O’Melveny. At the same time, he was chosen as a member of the House and Senate Majority's National Security Advisory Group, which was designed to assess U.S. performance on national security issues and to propose ways to improve it.
Donilon could have worked for the 2008 presidential campaign of Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-N.Y.), but instead signed on with Biden’s presidential effort, advising him on Iraq. When Biden dropped out of the 2008 race, Donilon endorsed Obama.
He and Wendy Sherman led the Obama transition team’s State Department efforts. Donilon's wife, Catherine Russell, was named Jill Biden’s chief of staff.(7)
Donilon moved into the White House (his office "can charitably be described as a broom closet, according to Al Kamen of The Washington Post) on inauguration day.(8) He has been a the "lynchpin of the interagency process," according to Foreign Policy's Laura Rozen. He runs the deputies meetings, where the real policies get drafted.(9)
The Issues
Donilon and Obama share the same stances on key foreign policy questions. Donilon would like to end the war in Iraq, refocus resources on Afghanistan and keep Iran from building a nuclear weapon through diplomacy and stronger sanctions.
Military Readiness
As a member of the National Security Advisory Group, Donilon helped write a 2006 report that suggested the long Iraq deployment had depleted the Army and Marine Corps’ ability to defend the country. The commission found that not a single non-deployed Army brigade was prepared to fight.(10)
Iran and North Korea
Donilon views a nuclear Iran and North Korea as the gravest national security threats facing the country. He has called on the president to pursue robust diplomacy along with stricter sanctions on these two states.
National Conventions
Donilon’s specialty, he says, are political conventions. He helped manage the Carter campaign activities at the 1980 Democratic convention,managed Democratic Party activities at the 1984 convention and was the top legal officer for the DNC’s convention selection committee in 1985.
Donilon admits an interest in the unusual minutia of conference planning. “You've got to be off just a few degrees to be interested in telephone systems at national conventions,†he told the New York Times.(11)
The Network
As a perennial campaigner, Donilon has built a wide network of Democratic connections over the course of staffing eight presidential campaigns. Donilon worked on Biden’s 2008 campaign with fellow operatives Patrick Caddell, John Martilla and David Doak.(11)
He served on the National Security Advisery Group with Madeleine Albright, Gen. Wesley Clark, John Podesta, Samuel Berger, James Steinberg and Susan Rice. Many of those people went on to top positions in Obama’s administration."(12)
Donilon was part of the tight-knit group that ran Biden’s presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008, along with Larry Rasky, Valerie Biden Owens, Sen. Edward M. Kaufman (D-Del.), John Marttila, Mark Gittenstein, and Biden Chief of Staff Ron Klain.(13)
Donilon’s brother, Mike, has worked for Biden since 1981. He travelled with the senator during his vice presidential campaign and helped him prepare for the vice presidential debate. He will serve as counselor to the vice president.(14)
Footnotes
1.
Toner, Robin, "Race Is On For 1988's Brightest and Brashest Consultants," New York Times, May 31, 1987
2.
Politico staff, “Donilon Likely for NSC,†Politico, Dec. 10, 2008
3.
Mulligan, John, “R.I. Native Tom Donilon is part of Obama’s Team,†Providence Journal, Nov. 13, 2008
4.
Rosenthal, Andrew, “Washington Talk: Campaign ’88: The Courting of a Consultant,†New York Times, Aug. 24, 1987
5.
Business Week Website
6.
Schwartz, Emma, “Obama Transition Member Oversaw Fannie’s Lobbying,†ABC News, Nov. 17, 2008
7.
Abramowitz, Michael, et al, "Obama Close to Choosing Clinton, Jones for Key Posts," Washington Post, Nov. 22, 2008
8.
Kamen, Al, "A Who's Who Of Who's Where," Washington Post, Jan. 20, 2009
9.
Rozen, Laura, "The NSC's Invisible Hand," Foreign Policy, April 14, 2009
10.
"The U.S. Military: Under Strain and at Risk," The National Security Advisory Group, Jan. 25, 2006
11.
Toner, Robin, "Race Is On For 1988's Brightest and Brashest Consultants," New York Times, May 31, 1987
12.
Reid, Pelosi, Former Defense Secretary Perry Announce New Review of Post-9/11 National Security Record," U.S. Newswire, March 28, 2007
13.
Murray, Shailagh, "Familiar Faces at Biden's Side," Washington Post, July 21, 2007
14.
Mulligan, John, “R.I. Native Tom Donilon is part of Obama’s Team,†Providence Journal, Nov. 13, 2008</summary>
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<name>Michael F Mundaca</name>
<description>Senior Advisor and Acting Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy</description>
<summary>Michael F. Mundaca currently is Senior Advisor for Policy within the Treasury Department's Office of Tax Policy and the Acting Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy. Mr. Mundaca served in the Treasury Department during the Clinton Administration and returned to the Treasury Department in 2007, as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Tax Affairs. Before that appointment, he was a partner for five years in the International Tax Services group of Ernst & Young's National Tax Department, in Washington, D.C. His practice focused on cross-border planning and structuring, including especially tax treaty issues, and on international legislative and regulatory monitoring and consulting. Before joining Ernst & Young, Mr. Mundaca served for over five years in Treasury's Office of the International Tax Counsel, leaving as the Deputy International Tax Counsel. He was also Treasury's Senior Advisor on Electronic Commerce. Prior to that first stint in Treasury, he was an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell, a law firm in New York. Mr. Mundaca has been an adjunct professor at the Georgetown University Law Center, teaching a seminar on tax treaties. Mr. Mundaca received a B.A. in philosophy and in physics from Columbia University, in 1986, and an M.A.in philosophy from the University of Chicago, in 1988. He received a J.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall), in 1992, where he was Senior Executive Editor of The California Law Review and a member of the Order of the Coif. He also has an LL.M., in taxation (international tax specialization), from the University of Miami.</summary>
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<name>Cassandra Butts</name>
<description>Senior Adviser in the Office of the Chief Executive Officer at the Millenium Challenge Corporation (since December 2009)</description>
<summary>Why She Matters
Butts is a part of President Barack Obama’s Harvard Law School clique, and she describes herself as being “as close to Barack as anyone in law school.â€Â(1)
Butts is a Washington, D.C., insider who has spent more than a dozen years working for some of the most powerful people in nation’s capital. She directed policy for House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt (D-Mo.) and worked for John D. Podesta’s Center for American Progress (CAP) until joining Obama’s transition team as general counsel after the 2008 elections.
She spent nearly a year at the Obama White House, focusing on ethics and domestic policy, before Obama named her to advise the Millennium Challenge Corporation, an independent foreign aid agency created by Congress.
Butts is one of Obama’s oldest friends and closest advisers, and she's part of the network of Harvard alums throughout the administration. “If you think about the progression of the president-elect’s national career, initially he didn’t have a national network of people who he could call on,†Butts said. “The Harvard group was helpful on that front — helping him make introductions on policy, political and financial fronts.â€Â(2)
Path to Power
Butts was born in Brooklyn, but moved to Durham, N.C., when she was nine years old. She earned a B.A. in political science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she was politically involved and participated in protests against apartheid. After college, she worked for a year with the African News Service in Durham before enrolling at Harvard Law School.(3)
It was in her first few days at Harvard that she met Barack Obama in the school’s financial aid office. “We were going through the process of filling out a lot of paperwork that would make us significantly in debt to Harvard for years to come,†she said. “We bonded over that experience.â€Â(1) The two of them stayed good friends throughout law school.
While Obama was working on the Harvard Law Review, Butts was protesting with Derrick Bell, Harvard’s first tenured black professor, over the university’s hiring practices. “Historically, Harvard Law School had had about a 10 percent African American population, and it was about 10 percent when we were there,†Butts said. “But there weren’t a lot of role models in terms of the faculty. We had a handful of African American men who were on faculty, but we had no women of color.â€Â(1)
Though they stayed friends, after college Butts and Obama went separate ways. While Obama went back to Chicago to work as a community organizer, Butts moved directly to Washington. She received a fellowship from Georgetown University focusing on women’s law and public policy and began her career working as a legislative counsel to then-Sen. Harris Wofford (D-Pa.). She left the Hill to work as assistant counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund for three years.(4)
Butts returned to Congress in 1996 as a staffer for then-House Minority Leader Gephardt (D-Mo.). Butts served as general counsel to the House Democratic Policy Committee under Gephardt for six years and later became the committee’s deputy director.(5) She volunteered as policy director for Gephardt's failed 2004 presidential bid, and left his office shortly after Gephardt dropped out of the race.
In March 2004, Butts joined Podesta’s Center for American Progress (CAP), where she was vice president for domestic policy. She helped Obama with his Senate transition in 2004 and 2005 and eventually left CAP to volunteer on Obama's 2008 presidential campaign as a senior policy adviser. Obama appointed her general counsel for the 2008 transition team, a job that eventually led to her appointment as a deputy White House counsel with a focus on domestic policy and ethics.(6)
In November 2009, Obama named her senior adviser to the CEO of the Millenium Challenge Corporation, an independent aganecy created by Congress in 2004 to determine better ways to deliver U.S. aid to foreign nation sin need. (7)
The Issues
After 17 years in D.C., Butts is the Washington insider that Obama says he is not. She is a lawyer by trade, but has spent her time advising one of the most powerful members of Congress and one of the city’s most powerful progressive think tanks. Early in her career, she spent three years with the NAACP, where she advised on civil rights policy and litigated voting rights and school desegregation cases.(8)
Butts was Gephardt’s top adviser on a slew of domestic issues including the judiciary, financial services and information technology. She advised the minority leader during the 1998 impeachment hearings and drafted legislation to create the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund.(8)
Butts left Gephardt’s office to work for the liberal think tank CAP, where she was senior vice president for domestic policy. Although she was a registered lobbyist, she did little lobbying.(9)She mostly advised on policy decisions.
Though she specialized in domestic policy at the White House, Butts has always taken an interest in international politics. While in college at UNC, she participated in protests against apartheid, and, in 2000, she went to Zimbabwe as an election observer for the parliamentary elections.
Immigration
During the 2007 immigration debate, Butts testified in front of the House Judiciary Committee’s subcommittee on Immigration. “The choice before us is one that would either define our society as clinging to the past in fear of changing demographics or as one prepared to take a progressive step forward towards a society rooted in the principles of racial equality and justice that has marked our progress since the 1960s,†Butts said in her statement.
The Network
Butts knows Obama from Harvard Law School, where they met during their first week. They stayed good friends throughout school and Butts said she was as close to Obama as anyone during law school. She still has his constitutional law book, which she took as collateral when she lent him a Miles Davis/John Coltrane album. He has yet to return it.(9)
Butts was well-connected in Washington well before Obama arrived in the Senate. She worked for House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt for six years and then spent time at John D. Podesta’s Center for American Progress. In the White House, she will worked under White House Counsel Gregory B. Craig and Principal Deputy White House Counsel Daniel Meltzer
Footnotes
1.
“Interview with Cassandra Butts,†PBS Frontline, July 10, 2008
2.
Brown, Carrie Budoff, “School buds: 20 Harvard classmates advising Obama,†Politico.com, Dec. 5, 2008
3.
Cooper, Helene, “The new team: Cassandra Q. Butts,†The New York Times, Nov. 24, 2008
4.
Olanoff, Lynn and Yachin, Jennifer, “Hill Climbers: New Deputy,†Roll Call, March 11, 2002
5.
Olanoff, Lynn and Yachin, Jennifer, “Hill Climbers: New Deputy,†Roll Call, March 11, 2002
6.
Politico Staff, “Transition names more key WH staff,†Politico.com, Dec. 23, 2008
7.
Millenium Challenge Corporation Web site
8.
Barack Obama’s campaign Web site
9.
Cooper, Helene, “The new team: Cassandra Q. Butts,†The New York Times, Nov. 24, 2008</summary>
<start_date>1965-08-10</start_date>
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<name>Susan Rice</name>
<description>US Permanent Representative to the United Nations</description>
<summary>Former Clinton official (National Security staffer and Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs) who opposed the Iraq War. Was foreign policy advisor to candidate Barack Obama, now serves as U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations. BA in History from Stanford; M. Phil and D. Phil from Oxford University (Rhodes Scholar).</summary>
<start_date>1964-11-17</start_date>
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<name>Tim Geithner</name>
<description>Treasury Secretary</description>
<summary>On January 26, 2009, Timothy F. Geithner was sworn in as the 75th Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury in a ceremony attended by President Barack H. Obama, and Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr.
Before his nomination to the Treasury, Secretary Geithner served as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, where he began on November 17, 2003. In that capacity, he served as the vice chairman and a permanent member of the Federal Open Market Committee, the group responsible for formulating the nation's monetary policy.
Secretary Geithner first joined the Department of Treasury in 1988 and worked in three administrations for five Secretaries of the Treasury in a variety of positions. He served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs from 1999 to 2001 under Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers.
He was director of the Policy Development and Review Department at the International Monetary Fund from 2001 until 2003. Earlier in his career, Secretary Geithner worked for Kissinger Associates, Inc.
Secretary Geithner graduated from Dartmouth College with a bachelor’s degree in government and Asian studies in 1983 and from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies with a master’s in International Economics and East Asian Studies in 1985. He has studied Japanese and Chinese and has lived in East Africa, India, Thailand, China, and Japan.
He and his wife, Carole Sonnenfeld Geithner, have two children.</summary>
<start_date>1961-08-18</start_date>
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<name>Greg Craig</name>
<description>Attorney</description>
<summary>Craig is a partner at the law firm of Williams & Connolly LLP in Washington, D.C.</summary>
<start_date>1945-03-04</start_date>
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<name>Pete Rouse</name>
<description>Obama Senior Advisor</description>
<summary>Pete Rouse, who had previously worked for Tom Daschle, joined Senator Obama's team as Chief of Staff in 2004. He has worked in the Senate since 1971. He is currently co-director of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.</summary>
<start_date>1946-04-15</start_date>
<end_date/>
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<name>Robert Lane Gibbs</name>
<description>White House Press Secretary (Appointed 11-22-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
One of the most impressive parts of President Barack Obama’s massive two-year presidential campaign was the surprisingly low number of leaks and campaign in-fighting.
Credit Gibbs. Described as the bad cop to Obama’s good cop, Gibbs is chummy with the media but can aggressively take on a reporter over what he views as a negative or unfair story.
Keeping the president on message isn’t Gibbs' only task as press secretary. After joining Obama’s Senate campaign in 2004 and sticking with him through the four years that followed, Gibbs is also a trusted adviser to Obama, someone who is not afraid to disagree with his boss.(1)
In fact, he is so close to Obama that he is informally known as the “Barack Whisperer.â€Â(2)
Path to Power
Gibbs grew up in Auburn, Ala., and still sports a slight southern accent. His mother was active in the League of Women Voters, and she brought her two sons around the state with her while campaigning. Gibbs was on the debate team in high school and played goalie for the North Carolina State soccer team.(3)
In college, Gibbs interned for then-Rep. Glenn Browder (D-Ala.). Browder ran, unsuccessfully, for the Senate in 1996, and by then, Gibbs had worked his way up to executive assistant. “You could see he was good,†Browder said. “He was good at working the phones and talking with the press. You never had to push Robert. He could work 24 hours a day.â€Â(4)
Gibbs worked for Rep. Bob Etheridge (D-N.C.) in 1997 and helped then-Sen. Fritz Hollings (D-S.C.) win re-election in 1998, before moving to the office of then-Sen. Max Cleland (D-Ga.) in 1999. In 2000, he helped Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.) steal the competitive Senate seat held by then-incumbent Sen. Spence Abraham (R). That got him noticed by Jim Jordan, the former executive director of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC), who brought him on board as DSCC press secretary for the 2002 election cycle.
In 2003, Jordan recruited him as Sen. John F. Kerry’s (D-Mass.) press secretary as Kerry was exploring his presidential run. But in November 2003, Gibbs quit, along with deputy finance director Carl Chidlow, after Kerry fired campaign manager Jim Jordan two months before the Iowa caucuses.(5) At the time, Kerry said, “My campaign will be better off moving ahead with people who want to be here,†but he later called Gibbs, Chidlow and Jordan to apologize for that comment.(6) Afterwards, Gibbs worked as a spokesperson for an Ohio-based Democratic group that sponsored ads attacking Howard Dean’s foreign policy experience in commercials featuring Osama bin Laden.(7)
Gibbs ended up joining Obama’s 2004 senate campaign instead, and has stuck with his boss ever since. By all accounts, he was one of Obama’s closest friends on the campaign trail, talking about their kids and sports as well as policy. "I promised myself I would only do this again for somebody I had a really good relationship with," Gibbs has said.(8)
The Issues
Gibbs advises Obama on policy, but his main job is to control the message. The Chicago Tribune described him as a bulldog with “Northern ruthlessness and Southern charm combined.â€Â(9)
During the 2008 presidential campaign, Gibbs was the go-to guy for TV interviews and knew how to tackle his questioners. When Fox News’ Sean Hannity asked Gibbs whether Obama’s association with former Weather Underground co-founder Bill Ayers made him “guilty by association,†Gibbs fired back, asking whether having an anti-Semite on his show made Hannity anti-Semitic.(9)
But Gibbs has more access to his boss than a typical aide. After Obama joined the Senate in 2005, Gibbs stuck by his side, helping to construct a coherent message with one eye on the future. “Gibbs is no shrinking violet,†Obama biographer David Mendell said. “He is the bad cop to Obama’s good cop. He is the guy who goes out and fights with the reporters who haven’t given his guy good coverage. He is pugnacious. He can be charming, as well, with a handshake and a smile while he is manipulating things behind your back that you don’t see occurring.â€Â(10)
During the 2008 campaign, for instance, Gibbs had reporters seething when he locked down the campaign airplane with reporters aboard and flew to Chicago while Obama met with his rival in the presidential primary, Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-N.Y.), in Washington.
Gibbs was supposed to leave Obama after the primary and work from the campaign’s Chicago headquarters during the general election, but he couldn’t bring himself to leave the senator’s side.(11)
The Network
Gibbs is best known for being incredibly close to Obama. When Gibbs and his wife were trying to go to dinner during a vacation in Hawaii, Obama insisted they drop their 5-year-old son off with him.(12)
While working on Capitol Hill, Gibbs helped Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.) get elected in 2000 and briefly helped Sen. John F. Kerry during his 2004 run for the White House. He stuck by campaign manager Jim Jordan, the former executive director of the DSCC when Gibbs was the spokesman, and quit Kerry’s campaign after Jordan was fired.
Footnotes
1.
“The O-List; the 30 people who matter most in Obama’s Washington – in order,†The New Republic, Nov. 6, 2008
2.
Kurtz, Howie, “A Spokesman so Close, He’s the Barack Whisperer," The Washington Post, Nov. 12, 2008
3.
Barratt, Barbara, “NC’s Robert Gibbs may be Obama press secretary,†McClatchy Newspapers, Nov. 6, 2008
4.
Gordon, Robert K., “Auburn native Robert Gibbs expected to be named Obama press secretary,†The Birmingham News (Ala.), Nov. 7, 2008
5.
Peirce, Greg, “Campaign in disarray,†The Washington Times, Nov. 12, 2003
6.
“Kerry: We’re confused is this day four or day five of this one-day story,†The Hotline, Nov. 14, 2003
7.
Malone, Julia, “Group ends round of attack ads on Dean,†Cox News Service, Dec. 18, 2003
8.
“Robert Gibbs, quick with a punch line, the media chief lifts the candidate’s mood,†Newsweek, May 19, 2008
9.
Christi Parsons, John McCormick and Mike Dorning, “Obama sends a message; selecting hardball players for team signals he knows the reality of D.C. politics,†Chicago Tribune, Nov. 7, 2008
10.
Brown, Carrie Budoff, “Little Shock in selection of Gibbs,†Politico, Nov. 7, 2008
11.
“The New Team: Robert Gibbs,†The New York Times
12.
Christensen, Rob, “Obama’s shadow does politics, sports and comedy,†Charlotte Observer (N.C.), Aug. 26, 2008</summary>
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<name>Eric H Holder Jr</name>
<description>Attorney General</description>
<summary>Eric Holder, former deputy attorney general under Janet Reno in the Clinton administration, is expected to be named as attorney general in Barack Obama's administration. Recently, he has worked as a partner at Covington & Burling, representing big-name clients such as the NFL, Chiquita Brands International, and Merck. He is also close to Valerie Jarret, an Obama confidant and co-chairwoman of the Obama transition team. Holder was an early Obama supporter during the Democratic primaries, led his vice-presidential search, along with Caroline Kennedy.
(Holder’s bio official biography, via politico): “In 1988, Mr. Holder was nominated by President Reagan to become an Associate Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. … In 1993, President Clinton nominated Mr. Holder to become the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. … In 1997, President Clinton appointed Mr. Holder to serve as Deputy Attorney General, the number two position in the United States Department of Justice. He became the first African-American to serve as Deputy Attorney General. Mr. Holder briefly served under President Bush as Acting Attorney General pending the confirmation of Attorney General John Ashcroft. …
“Mr. Holder was born in New York City. He attended public schools there, graduating from Stuyvesant High School where he earned a Regents Scholarship. He attended Columbia College, majored in American History, and graduated in 1973. Mr. Holder then attended Columbia Law School from which he graduated in 1976. While in law school, he clerked at the N.A.A.C.P. Legal Defense Fund and the Department of Justice's Criminal Division. Mr. Holder lives in Washington, DC with his wife, Dr. Sharon Malone, an obstetrician, and their three children.â€Â</summary>
<start_date>1951-01-26</start_date>
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<id>28667</id>
<name>Austan Goolsbee</name>
<description>Member: Council of Economic Advisors (Confirmed 3-10-09), Staff Director, Economic Recovery Board</description>
<summary>Austan Goolsbee is a member of the Council of Economic Advisers. Goolsbee is also serving as staff director and chief economist on the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board.
Goolsbee was the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. He was an economic adviser to Barack Obama’s 2004 Senate race before becoming a senior economic adviser to Senator Obama’s 2008 Presidential campaign.
He is a member of the panel of Economic Advisers to the Congressional Budget Office, a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a research fellow at the American Bar Foundation. He is a Senior Economist to the Democratic Leadership Council and the Progressive Policy Institute. He is also a frequent contributor to the New York Times. He was recently a Fulbright Scholar and a recipient of an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship.
His work focuses on the new economy, government policy, taxes, and technology.
Goolsbee was selected as one of Financial Times' six "Gurus of the Future"/Best under 40 (2005), named one of the Young Global Leaders at the 2005 World Economic Forum, and one of the 100 Global Leaders for Tomorrow at the 2002 World Economic Forum.
He was born on August 18, 1969, in Waco, Texas. He received his B.A. summa cum laude in economics from Yale University in 1991, his M.A. in economics from Yale University in 1991, and his Ph.D in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995. He is married with three children.</summary>
<start_date>1969-08-18</start_date>
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<name>James B Steinberg</name>
<description/>
<summary>James B. Steinberg is an American academic and political advisor. He served as Deputy National Security Advisor to Bill Clinton during his second administration. Currently, Steinberg is Dean of the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.
He was educated at Harvard College and Yale Law School. His previous positions included a senior fellowship at the International Institute for Strategic Studies and a position as a senior analyst at RAND Corporation. He is currently a senior fellow at the Brookings Institute.
According to the Wall Street Journal, Steinberg along with Daniel Kurtzer and Dennis Ross are among the principal authors of Barack Obama’s address on the Middle East to AIPAC in June 2008, which was viewed as the Democratic nominee’s most expansive on international affairs. He has been mentioned as being "at the top" of Obama's list of candidates for the post of National Security Advisor.
</summary>
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<updated_at>2011-06-12 18:56:34</updated_at>
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<name>Carol Browner</name>
<description>Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change (Appointed 12-15-08)</description>
<summary>Why She Matters
Browner is another Clinton administration veteran who will serve in a key post in President Barack Obama's White House. She will serve in the newly created role of energy czar. In that job, she will work as a kind of environmental traffic cop, coordinating the administration’s climate change, energy and environmental policy.
Browner is a former Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator and filled that role for the whole of the Clinton administration, making her the longest-serving EPA administrator in history. She used the post as a bulwark against what Democrats viewed as an assault on environmental regulations by Congressional Republicans.
Browner served as an adviser to Obama's transition team, and led that team’s Energy and Environment Policy Working Group. As the working group head, Browner was charged with drafting the early policies and priorities for the Obama administration. Obama's policies will likely depart radically from those of the Bush administration, which she described as the "worst environmental administration ever."(1)
Path to Power
A Florida native, Browner was born in 1955 to parents who were professors at Miami-Dade Community College. She graduated from the University of Florida in 1977 and earned her J.D. from the school in 1979.
In 1980, she served as the general counsel for the Florida House of Representatives Government Operations Committee before going to work for the grassroots consumer advocacy group Citizen Action in Washington, D.C.
From 1986 to 1988, Browner was the chief legislative aide on environmental issues to then-Sen. Lawton Chiles (D-Fla.), who later served as Florida's governor. Following that, she was the legislative director for then-Sen. Al Gore (D-Tenn.) until 1991, when she was appointed as the Florida secretary of the environment. She served in that capacity from 1991 to 1993, where among her biggest wins was securing a deal with Walt Disney World in which the corporation was given permission to develop more than 400 acres of wetlands, in exchange for buying and preserving an area of land nearly twenty times that size for the bald eagle and other wildlife.
At the age of 37, President Bill Clinton appointed Browner as EPA administrator, a job in which she served from 1993 to 2001.
"I want my son to be able to grow up and enjoy the natural wonders of the United States in the same way that I have," she said at her swearing-in ceremony as EPA Administrator in January 1993. "I believe that we will now be able to make the investment in our economy that we so desperately need, yet preserve the air, land, and water."(2)
After her stint at the EPA, Browner founded and continues to serve as a principal of The Albright Group LLC, a global strategy firm led by former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. She's also a principal of Albright Capital Management, an investment advisory firm that concentrates on emerging markets.
She is \active in non-profit, progressive and environmental groups, serving as the chair of the board of the National Audubon Society and a member of the board of directors of the Center for American Progress, the Alliance for Climate Protection and the League of Conservation Voters. She is also on the board of APX, a company that provides technology infrastructure for environmental and energy markets.
The Issues
As EPA administrator, Browner made her mark by beating back attempts by Congressional Republicans to weaken the Clean Water Act and virtually every other environmental law on the books. With a divided government in the mid-1990s (a Democratic president and a GOP-led Congress), Republicans sought to exert power by picking apart federal rules through legislation – including repealing portions of the Clean Air Act, making moves to increase logging on public lands and scaling back rules on pesticides in foods.
Public Health
Browner also made some notable progress in her eight years at the agency in the public health realm. Two of the most influential acts during her time at the agency were updating federal standards for particulate matter and ozone (perhaps better-known as "soot" and "smog"). In 1994, she oversaw the expansion of the Toxic Release Inventory, nearly doubling the number of chemicals whose emission must be reported to the public.
She also played a key role in enacting rules to strengthen the Safe Drinking Water Act, which overhauled in 1996 public water system standards,(3) and in 1997 the Food Quality Protection Act.(4) In both cases, she worked to pass legislation with Congressional Republicans.
In 1999, Browner led the charge to ban two pesticides that studies found to disrupt brain development in children. But Environmentalists criticized her for not going far enough in outlawing some of the most dangerous chemicals and accused her of bowing to industry pressure.(5)
In 1997, Browner created an Office of Children's Health Protection at EPA in order to help implement Clinton's executive order on Children's Environmental Health. The goal of the office was "to make the protection of children's health a fundamental goal of public health and environmental protection in the United States."(6) The new office incorporated a Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee, a panel of experts in the field that makes policy recommendations to the administration. The office in its first years focused on issues like asthma rates and exposure to toxic chemicals like lead-based paint.
Superfund
Browner led efforts to clean up brownfields, or land that has been contaminated with harmful chemicals. She also tried to rally support for legislative measures to reform the Superfund program, which makes polluting industries pay for clean-up work at toxic waste sites.(6) Though the Clinton administration wasn't able to get those measures through Congress, Browner did help accelerate the pace of Superfund cleanups, completing 400 in the administration's first term.
Air Pollution
One of Browner's last acts as EPA administrator was to issue new air pollution control rules for diesel fuels, requiring that the sulfur content of diesel fuel be reduced from 500 parts per million to 15 parts per million – a 97 percent decline. The Clinton administration enacted the law in 2000, though it wasn't fully phased in until 2006. The new rule also called for stronger emissions limits on diesel engines.
Her 1999 official biography notes that Browner "is guided by the philosophy that safeguarding the environment means protecting where we live and how we live" but also by the idea that "the environment and the economy go hand in hand."(7)
The Network
Browner was an early supporter of Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton's (D-N.Y.) bid for the Democratic nomination, but she went on to enthusiastically back Obama once Clinton left the race. During the general election, Browner appeared at several events in swing states organized by the League of Conservation Voters to rally support for his candidacy.
Browner also served as a top legislative aide to former Vice President Al Gore and worked with former Clinton Secretary of State Madeleine Albright at The Albright Group, a consulting firm, and Albright Capital Management, which focuses on investment in emerging markets.
She is married to former Rep. Tom Downey Jr. (D-N.Y.).
Footnotes
1.
Wald, Matthew L., "Carol M. Browner," New York Times, Nov. 26, 2008
2.
"Carol M. Browner's Official Biography," EPA Web site
3.
"EPA press release, Statement by Carol Browner on Safe Drinking Water Act," Aug. 2, 1996
4.
"EPA press release, EPA Announces Comprehensive Plans for Protecting Food Safety, Regulating Pesticides under the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act," March 18, 2007
5.
"Protecting the Apples of Our Eye," Daily Grist
6.
EPA Web site
7.
"Carol M. Browner's Official Biography," EPA Web site</summary>
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<description>Federal Reserve governor; Georgetown law professor; former Clinton official</description>
<summary>Specializes in banking law, international economic regulation, and economic policymaking as a Professor of Law at Georgetown. Served as, successively, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs, Deputy Assistant to the President for Economic Policy, and Assistant to the President for International Economic Policy under President Clinton. Also Clinton's personal representative to the G7/G8 group of industrialized nations from 1995-1998. Previously practiced law, worked for Senator Edward M. Kennedy, and taught at Harvard Law.</summary>
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<name>Melody Barnes</name>
<description>Obama administration director of the White House Domestic Policy Council</description>
<summary>Melody Barnes, former chief counsel to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) on the Senate Judiciary Committee and head of policy at the Center For American Progress, is expected to be named director of the White House Domestic Policy Council in the Obama administration.
From Barnes’ official biography: “From December 1995 until March 2003, Barnes served as chief counsel to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA) on the Senate Judiciary Committee. As Kennedy’s chief counsel, she shaped civil rights, women’s health and reproductive rights, commercial law, and religious liberties laws, as well as executive branch and judicial appointments. Barnes’ experience also includes an appointment as Director of Legislative Affairs for the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and serving as assistant counsel to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights.
“During her tenure with the Subcommittee, she worked closely with members of Congress and their staffs to pass the Voting Rights Improvement Act of 1992, which was signed into law. Barnes began her career as an attorney with Shearman & Sterling in New York City and is a member of both the New York State Bar Association and the District of Columbia Bar Association. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of The Constitution Project, EMILY’s List, and The Maya Angelou Public Charter School. She received her law degree from the University of Michigan and her bachelor’s degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she graduated with honors in history.â€Â</summary>
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<name>Lael Brainard</name>
<description>Undersecretary of the Treasury-designate for International Affairs</description>
<summary>Nominated in March, 2009 by Obama to be Undersecretary of the Treasury for International Affairs. Held the positions of Vice President and Director of Global Economy and Development and
Bernard L. Schwartz Chair in International Economics at Brookings. Also the Director of the All Brookings Initiative on Competitiveness. Formerly White House Deputy National Economic Adviser and Associate Professor at MIT, she focuses on competitiveness, trade, international economics, U.S. foreign assistance and global poverty. </summary>
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<name>Peter Orszag</name>
<description>Citigroup executive; former director, Office of Management and Budget</description>
<summary>Peter Orszag served as the Director of the Congressional Budget Office from January 2007 to December 2008, overseeing the agency's work in providing objective, nonpartisan, and timely analyses of economic and budgetary issues -- supervising the numerous analytical papers and cost estimates that the agency produces and, to present the results, frequently testifying before the Congress. Under his leadership, the agency significantly expanded its focus on areas such as health care and climate change. In previous government service, Orszag served as Special Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and as a staff economist and then Senior Advisor and Senior Economist at the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Orszag was the Joseph A. Pechman Senior Fellow and Deputy Director of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. While at Brookings, he also served as Director of The Hamilton Project; Director of the Retirement Security Project; and Co-Director of the Tax Policy Center, a joint venture with the Urban Institute. Orszag graduated summa cum laude in economics from Princeton University and obtained a Ph.D. in economics from the London School of Economics, which he attended as a Marshall scholar. He has coauthored or coedited a number of books, including Protecting the Homeland 2006/7 (2006), Aging Gracefully: Ideas to Improve Retirement Security in America (2006), and Saving Social Security: A Balanced Approach (2004), and American Economic Policy in the 1990s (2002). Dr. Orszag is a member of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies of Sciences.</summary>
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<name>Mona Sutphen</name>
<description>Assistant to the President & Deputy Chief of Staff (Appointed 11-16-08)</description>
<summary>Sutphen is the daughter of a white mother and an African American father who lived in Kansas City, Mo. Because interracial marriage was illegal, her parents scooted over the border to Kansas one lunch hour for a wedding ceremony.(1)
Sutphen graduated from Mount Holyoke College with an international relations degree and earned a master’s degree in international political economy from the London School of Economics.
She joined the Foreign Service in 1992, and was posted to Bangkok and Sarajevo. In Thailand, she kept tabs on the pro-democracy movement in Burma. She helped implement the civilian provisions of the Dayton Peace Accords in Bosnia.</summary>
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<name>Robert Gates</name>
<description>Secretary of Defense under George W Bush and under Barack Obama</description>
<summary>Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is currently serving as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense. He took office on December 18, 2006. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Before he joined the CIA, he served with the United States Air Force (USAF). After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security when it was created following the September 11, 2001 attacks, but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M University.</summary>
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<name>Paul Volcker</name>
<description>Chairman of the President's Economic Recovery Board (Appointed 11-26-08)</description>
<summary>Volcker has a reputation for fairness and strong leadership during troubled times. When he became chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1979, he faced the worst inflationary crisis America had seen in decades. He ended it by raising interest rates sharply, sparking the deepest downturn since the Great Depression. The interest rate hikes are now widely viewed as a necessary step to end the cycle of soaring prices and stagflation that set in, but at the time the tactic was deeply controversial, as the unemployment rate climbed above 10 percent.
Since being replaced by Alan Greenspan in 1987, Volcker has become an eminence grise, lending independent credibility to a range of organizations. For example, he investigated alleged corruption in the United Nations Oil for Food Program in Iraq. He is also chairman of the Group of 30, an assemblage of leading financial experts that seeks an overhaul of global financial regulations.</summary>
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<name>Heather Zichal</name>
<description>Deputy Assistant to the President for Energy and Climate Change Policy (Appointed 12-11-08)</description>
<summary>Why She Matters
With experience working for several key congressmen, Zichal has an inside track on how Washington works. As the deputy assistant to the president for energy and climate change, she'll serve under former Environmental Protection Agency-head Carol M. Browner, who has been tapped to fill a new post as the president's top climate and energy adviser.
Zichal's years of experience on Capitol Hill will be an invaluable asset, as Obama has called for major environmental investments and policy overhauls and will depend on key administration officials who understand how Congres functions.
During the 2008 contest, the thirtysomething Zichal served as Barack Obama's top staff adviser on energy, environment and agriculture and worked from the campaign's Chicago office. She advised the transition staff as a member of the Energy and Environment Policy Working Group.(1)In that capacity, she was a highly-visible member of the Obama team, meeting with environmental leaders(2)and discussing Obama's agenda(3) in video segments on the transition team’s web site.
Path to Power
Zichal was raised in Elkader, Iowa, a rural town in the northeastern part of the state, to parents Dr. Ken and Fran Zichal.(4) She graduated from Rutgers University in New Jersey with a degree in environmental policy, during which time she co-authored a paper on reforestation and development in Puerto Rico.
After graduation, Zichal began working with New Jersey's congressional delegation on environmental policy. She worked as the legislative director to Rep. Rush Holt (D-N.J.), and later served in the same capacity for Rep. Frank Pallone Jr. (D-N.J.) from 2001 to 2002.
Zichal departed Pallone's office to serve as a legislative assistant to Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.). During Kerry's failed 2004 bid for the presidency, Zichal was his energy and environment policy adviser. In 2006, she became Kerry's legislative director, a post she held until July 2008, when she joined the Obama campaign.
She joined Obama's staff in Chicago to serve as the policy director for energy, environment and agriculture on July 20, 2008. She joined the transition staff immediately after the 2008 election, serving as a member of the Energy and Environment Policy Working Group, the team shaping Obama's early energy and environment policy.
On Dec. 15, 2008, Obama announced that Zichal had been selected to serve as the deputy assistant to the president for energy and climate change, serving under Browner, who will serve in a new role coordinating climate and energy work within the White House.
The Issues
Ethanol
In an interview with the AgriTalk radio show in October 2008, Zichal spoke strongly in favor of support for and increased use of ethanol and other biofuels.(5)
She said that the Obama administration would maintain subsidies for ethanol, and praised the renewable fuel standard (RFS) enacted in the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, a controversial measure that requires 36 billion gallons of biofuel to be blended into the fuel stream each year by 2022. She said that Obama would continue to support the RFS, and favors expanding the requirement to 60 billion gallons of biofuel per year. "From his perspective investing in renewable fuels is vital not only to creating jobs and building our rural economies, but also that goal of reducing our dependence on foreign oil," said Zichal.
She also supported maintaining the tariff on imported ethanol, another issue that has become contentious in recent years, in order to maintain a "vibrant renewable fuel policy that creates jobs and economic value here in America," she said.(6) "I think from our perspective the whole point of investing in these homegrown biofuels is so that we don't have to rely on other countries for our sources of energy and we need to continue this path and the more we invest in bringing these prices down and commercializing this technology, we're going to be better off in the long run."
Climate Change
Zichal has been a key player in shaping Kerry's and Obama's climate change policy, serving as one of the chief legislative advisers to both. In the years between the two presidential campaigns, she's seen a shift in the national dialogue, she said in an interview with Grist.(7)
“We barely talked about climate change at all in 2004. It was kind of seen as a little bit of an ‘out there’ concept. Within the last four years, a lot of the great work from the environmental community, a Democratic majority, and being able to hold hearings and look at these issues more directly in Congress has helped,†she said.
"I can't imagine that in 2004 we would have ever talked about cap-and-trade in a speech," Zichal said. "[Now] you can talk about needing to establish a cap-and-trade program to bring greenhouse-gas emissions down, and people will actually understand what you're talking about and not think that you're totally off the reservation."
Zichal also pledged that Obama's administration would take the lead on climate policy internationally, and will push for a national cap-and-trade program. "Rather than taking the backseat [as] we've done under the Bush administration, by taking a leadership role, charging forward, and making an aggressive commitment in this area, we will be able to provide the leadership and re-engage in the international community and show this commitment, and have a better chance of bringing other countries on board with a domestic cap-and-trade program," she said.
Coal
At home in Illinois and on the 2008 campaign trail, Obama was a vocal supporter of so-called "clean coal" technology.(8) The term is generally used to refer to coal-fired power plants that have the technology to capture and sequester carbon emissions, preventing them from entering the atmosphere. Yet the technology is not currently available, and most experts predict that wide-scale carbon sequestration is still a decade away.
Obama has been a proponent of government investment in the research and development of these technologies, and fought for completion of FutureGen, the federal government's first pilot "zero-emissions" plant in Illinois. The Bush administration’s Department of Energy shelved the project after the cost ballooned.. In an interview with Grist in October 2008, Zichal echoed Obama's talking points on "clean coal."
Zichal commented: "From a practical perspective, we have a whole lot of coal-fired power plants in this country and we have growing demand [for energy]. I think Sen. Obama recognizes that we have a lot of work to do to figure out that technology, to understand our capacity for carbon capture and sequestration, and iron out a whole host of questions that come along with that," said Zichal. "The FutureGen project was abandoned by the Bush administration. We can't just continue to duck when it comes to investing in clean coal, which is why [Sen. Obama's] plan calls for five carbon-capture-and-sequestration pilot projects ... We recognize that more research and development needs to be done to commercialize clean-coal technology, and he's dedicated to doing that."
A Bipartisan Energy Plan
On the campaign trail, Obama indicated that he would be willing to endorse(9) a compromise, bipartisan energy plan like last summer's "Gang of 10" bill,(10) which merged tax incentives and funding for renewable fuels with some offshore drilling. Zichal discussed the plan on a Wall Street Journal blog.(11)
"For too long, partisan gridlock and special interest influence has blocked progress on some of the most urgent challenges facing the American people, and that is especially true when it comes to our energy crisis," she wrote. "Today’s announcement from the bipartisan 'Gang of Ten' senators — which includes many of the policies Senator Obama has been fighting for during his time in the Senate and over the course of this campaign — represents a good faith effort at a new bipartisan beginning."
"This compromise repeals tax breaks to oil companies and makes them pay their fair share; makes serious investments in more efficient automobile technology and renewable energy like wind and solar; and provides immediate relief to consumers in some ways," she continued. "Like all compromises, it also includes provisions that Senator Obama hasn’t always supported. And while he remains skeptical that new offshore drilling will bring down gas prices in the short-term or significantly reduce our oil dependence in the long-term, he does welcome the establishment of a process that will allow us to make future offshore drilling decisions based on science and fact."
The Network
Zichal joined the Obama campaign on July 20, 2008, to serve as his policy director for energy, environment and agriculture. She has since been a member of transition team’s Energy and Environment Policy Working Group, where she worked closely with former EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner, who has been selected to serve as Obama's top energy and climate adviser.
She also worked as the senior environmental adviser for Sen. John F. Kerry (D-Mass.) during the 2004 presidential campaign; Kerry is now chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
In the House, Zichal worked for New Jersey Democratic Reps. Frank Pallone and Rush Holt.
Footnotes
1.
Sheppard, Kate. "Transition talk: The 'E' team," Grist, November 18, 2008. http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/11/18/165043/47
2.
Sheppard, Kate. "Transition to green," Grist, December 9, 2008, http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/12/8/161855/383
3.
"Energy & Environment — Of the People, By the People," video/blog post on the Change.gov website. http://change.gov/page/s/energyenviro
4.
Durbin, Bryce. "Elkader native shaping White House energy policy," The Clayton County Register. December 10, 2008, http://www.claytoncountyregister.com...50/zichal.html
5.
Interview with Heather Zichal on AgriTalk Radio, October 2008, http://audio.agritalk.com/wordpress/?p=263
6.
Sheppard, Kate. "Sweetening the deal," Grist, July 3, 2008, http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/7/3/6388/11564
7.
Sheppard, Kate. "She's got Obama's ear," Grist, October 6, 2008. http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/10/6/12441/2728
8.
Sheppard, Kate. "Obama's own pander," Grist, May 6, 2008, http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/5/5/1694/63422
9.
Sheppard, Kate. "Obama's new 'New Energy' plan," Grist, August 4, 2008, http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/8/4/9331/12757
10.
Kady, Martin III and Patrick O'Connor. "'Gang of 10' fights for increased drilling," Politico, July 23, 2008. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0708/11975.html
11.
Murray, Sara. "Can Congress Compromise on Energy?" Wall Street Journal's "Shaping the New Agenda" blog. August 2, 2008., http://blogs.wsj.com/agenda/2008/08/...ise-on-energy/</summary>
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<name>Christopher Lu</name>
<description>White House Cabinet Secretary (Appointed 11-19-08)</description>
<summary>Lu was born in New Jersey and raised in Maryland. His parents came to the United States from Taiwan as graduate students in the 1960s. Lu grew up listening to the news and reading biographies of famous statesmen with his father, an electrical engineer who loved history. Lu became interested in politics, and has said he was grateful that his parents encouraged him to study whatever interested him. His grandfather, Wang Ren-Yuan, was Taiwan’s Attorney General from 1960 to 1966 and was a representative in the Legislative Yuan.(1)
Lu graduated from Princeton’s Wilson School (his time there overlapped with the future Michelle Obama by one year but they did not know each other) and worked on the Daily Princetonian, eventually as the school paper’s news editor. "I learned to write, to think quickly, to meet deadlines, all at the 'Prince,' " he said. “It was really the best education I ever got.†He stayed involved with the paper and he served on the board of trustees until his work in politics became too much of a time commitment.(2)
Lu went to Harvard Law from 1988 to 1991, the same years as Barack Obama, but said he did not know Obama well. Still, he knew the reputation of the person who was to become the first black president of the Harvard Law Review 20 years before becoming the first black president of the United States. “I have admired his talents for a long time,†Lu said.(1)
After graduating from Harvard Law, Lu clerked for Third Circuit Judge Robert E. Cowen before taking a job in the D.C. office of Sidley Austin, the same firm where Barack and Michelle Obama met in Chicago. Lu also met his future wife at Sidley Austin, but in the D.C. office. He stayed at the firm for four years before deciding to move to Capitol Hill. In 1997, he got a job as deputy chief counsel for the Democratic staff of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, and he worked in that office until 2004. Then he joined Sen. John F. Kerry’s (D-Mass.) presidential campaign as a special adviser for communications.(1)
When Kerry lost, Lu went back to the Hill, this time as the legislative director for Barack Obama.(3) When Obama’s campaign for president began to gain steam in 2006, Lu stayed in the Senate, making sure everything ran smoothly at Obama’s day job and monitoring all of the senator’s legislative decisions.(4) He did some work for the campaign, serving as campaign director for Delaware during the Democratic primary and staying on as an adviser. But his main focus when Congress was in session was to make sure Obama was prepared for his work in the Senate. When Obama won the presidency, he named Lu executive director of the transition team.(5)
Shortly after the election, Obama chose Lu to serve as cabinet secretary in the White House. Lu will work as the president's liaison to the cabinet and federal agencies.(6)</summary>
<start_date>1966-06-12</start_date>
<end_date/>
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<updated_at>2011-01-20 00:15:57</updated_at>
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<name>Janet Napolitano</name>
<description>Obama Secretary of Homeland Security; former Governor of Arizona</description>
<summary>JANET NAPOLITANO's story is symbolic of the success that so many Arizonans have found in their state. Like millions of fellow Arizonans, she is a transplant, born in New York City and raised first in Pittsburgh and then in Albuquerque. In 1975, she went to California to attend Santa Clara University, where she won the prestigious Truman Scholarship and graduated summa cum laude with a degree in political science. She then attended law school at the University of Virginia, graduating in 1983.
Napolitano chose Arizona to build her career, clerking for U.S. Appeals Court Judge Mary Schroeder before taking a position with the Phoenix law firm Lewis and Roca, where she became partner in 1989. Four years later, President Bill Clinton nominated her to serve as U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona. As U.S. Attorney, she helped the state respond to the Amtrak derailment near Phoenix, and helped manage the portion of the Oklahoma City bombing investigation that focused on Tim McVeigh's activities in Kingman. In 1998, Arizona voters elected her attorney general of Arizona, the first woman to hold this position. She distinguished herself as a fierce protector of children and a tireless advocate for women, senior citizens, and the environment.
In 2002, Napolitano was elected Arizona's 21st governor and America's first woman to succeed a woman as governor. Since taking office, her top priorities have been education, the economy, and the environment. Under her leadership, the state's 2004 budget passed without cuts to education, and she continues to focus on early childhood literacy programs as prevention for high illiteracy and high school dropout rates. She recently created the CoppeRx Card, a free prescription drug discount card mailed to every Medicare-eligible senior in Arizona, offering discounts of 15 to 55 percent. The governor also is working to re-direct Arizona's economy toward high-tech, knowledge-based industry to ensure that graduates continue to have quality job opportunities.</summary>
<start_date>1957-11-29</start_date>
<end_date/>
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<is_current/>
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<updated_at>2011-09-08 16:14:56</updated_at>
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<id>34070</id>
<name>Tom Vilsack</name>
<description>Obama Secretary of Agriculture; Former Governor of Iowa</description>
<summary>THOMAS J. VILSACK was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, orphaned at birth, and adopted in 1951. He received a bachelor's degree from Hamilton College in Clinton, New York in 1972, and received a law degree from Albany Law School in 1975. Vilsack was elected mayor of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa in 1987, and was elected to the Iowa Senate in 1992. In 1998, he was elected Iowa's first Democratic governor in more than 30 years, and was re-elected to a second term in 2002. Governor Vilsack created the Iowa Values Fund, an $800 million, 10-year program. He worked to build a sustainable energy infrastructure, permitting Iowa to fuel as well as feed the nation. The Vilsack administration worked with schools, medical providers, businesses, faith-based organizations, and other entities to expand health care coverage to more than 90,000 previously uninsured children. During his tenure, Vilsack served as chair of the Democratic Governors Association and was a member of the executive committee of the National Governors Association.</summary>
<start_date>1950-12-12</start_date>
<end_date/>
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<primary_type>Person</primary_type>
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<updated_at>2012-02-07 17:16:39</updated_at>
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<name>Lisa Brown</name>
<description>Staff Secretary (Appointed 11-19-08)</description>
<summary>A career lawyer, Brown has moved in and out of government for most of her career. Her father was a managing partner at Squire, Sanders & Dempsey, a Washington, D.C. firm that her grandfather, W. John Kenney, founded. Kenney was also under secretary of the Navy and the administrator of the Marshall Plan in Europe.(2) Her stepfather was an investment banker who became president of the Chevy Chase Savings Bank in Maryland, but Brown went to boarding school at the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut.(2)
Brown graduated from Princeton University with a degree in political economy in 1982, and then earned her J.D. from University of Chicago in 1986.(3) After graduating, she clerked for U.S. Court of Appeals Judge John C. Godbold on the 11th Circuit and spent one year as the staff attorney at the Center for Law in the Public Interest in Los Angeles.(4) Years later, Judge Godbold officiated Brown’s second wedding to Dr. Kevin Cullen, a cancer specialist and researcher.(5)
Brown worked for years at the Washington law firm Shea & Gardner. She specialized in litigation and transactional work, moving up to partner during her time there. She also took on extensive pro-bono work, focusing on issues related to housing. She wrote briefs related to the treatment of people with disabilities under The Fair Housing Amendment Act of 1988, and she co-edited a 350-page report by the Washington Legal Clinic for the Homeless that accused Washington D.C. of poor treatment of the homeless population.(6)
Clinton Administration
In 1996, Brown moved into government, taking a job as an attorney adviser in the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel. She served there for less than a year before Vice President Al Gore asked her to join his office as deputy counsel. She worked directly under Charles Burson, who at the time was chief counsel in the vice president’s office. In September 1999, Burson was named Gore’s chief of staff after Ron Klain departed, and Brown was promoted to chief counsel. “Lisa is an incredibly talented attorney, whose knowledge and advice I know I can rely on and trust,†Gore said. “I am very pleased that she has decided to take on this new responsibility.â€Â(7)
At the end of Gore’s term in January 2001, Brown returned to the private sector, joining Washington, D.C. civil rights law firm Relman & Associates. She also joined the American Constitution Society and served as the organization’s executive director until she took a leave of absence to head up the Agency Review Working Group for Obama’s transition team. She was co-chair of the team that reviewed all government agencies to prep Obama’s political appointees with the information necessary to start as soon as they are officially appointed in January.(8)
In November 2008, Brown was named staff secretary for the White House. The staff secretary, a crucial job once held by transition co-chair John Podesta from 1993 to 1995 before he became President Bill Clinton’s chief of staff, is responsible for all the communications that reach the president’s office. The position was created by President Dwight Eisenhower to screen all the documents seen by the president.(9)</summary>
<start_date>1960-03-06</start_date>
<end_date/>
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<updated_at>2009-11-24 13:25:19</updated_at>
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<name>Patrick Gaspard</name>
<description>Director, Office of Political Affairs (Appointed 11-21-08)</description>
<summary>Gaspard was born in the Democratic Republic of Congo to Haitian parents and raised in Park Slope, Brooklyn. He spent the first part of his career working in New York politics, and nearly his entire career working with one of the most powerful labor unions in the country.
Gaspard started in politics in 1988 when Rev. Jesse Jackson ran for the Democratic nomination for president. The next year, Gaspard worked on the campaign of David Dinkins (D), who became the first black mayor of New York.(4) He was working as chief of staff for council member Margarita Lopez when Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo was shot 41 times and killed by police in 1999.
SEIU’s Local 1199 coordinated a “March for Justice†against police brutality and a variety of other forms of civil disobedience in the months after the shooting.(5) Dennis Rivera, the president of Local 1199, and Bill Lynch, the union’s political director, asked Gaspard to help organize the march. Shortly afterwards, he was appointed political director.(6) SEIU is the largest service workers union in the country, with more than 300,000 members, and Politico.com described it as “politically potent.â€Â(7) Gaspard worked as a registered lobbyist for the union working on labor issues, in particular universal health care.
Gaspard supported Howard Dean during the 2004 Democratic contest, and he was national field director for America Coming Together, a 527 group that focused on getting out the vote.(8) While he was there, ACT came under fire for using convicted felons as canvassers in Missouri, Florida and Ohio during the 2004 presidential election. The organization decided to re-vet all of its canvassers to make sure it didn’t have any violent criminals on its payroll.(9)</summary>
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<updated_at>2010-01-19 18:02:50</updated_at>
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<name>Dan Pfeiffer</name>
<description/>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
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<updated_at>2009-11-28 12:41:51</updated_at>
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<name>Phil Schiliro</name>
<description>Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs (Appointed 11-15-08)</description>
<summary>Schiliro was born in Brooklyn, N.Y., and graduated from Hofstra University. As an environmentalist teenager, he organized his neighbors against a business that was polluting a reservoir near his home. He got the media involved and helped shut down the company. He then spent the next quarter century fighting similar battles.(1)
After graduating from Lewis & Clark Law School in Oregon in 1981, Schiliro moved to Washington, D.C., in order to work on environmental issues. He worked briefly for then-Reps. Butler Derrick (D-S.C.) and Tim Wirth (D-Colo.) before joining the staff of Rep. Henry Waxman (D-Calif.), who was then chairman of the House Energy and Commerce subcommittee on Health and Environment.(2)
Waxman poached Schiliro from Wirth’s staff after observing the young staffer’s work on a bill that Wirth and Waxman thought would have “gutted†the Clean Air Act.(3)</summary>
<start_date/>
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<name>Michael Strautmanis</name>
<description>Chief of staff to the Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations and Public Engagement (Valerie Jarrett)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Strautmanis is one of Barack and Michelle Obama’s closest friends. He met them at Sidney Austin LLP in Chicago when he was a paralegal. He later went to law school and became involved in politics. He worked on a variety of campaigns and in the Clinton administration before joining Obama’s staff in the Senate.
He is known as someone who can get things done, and Obama describes him as “a utility man.†Strautmanis joined the transition team after Obama was elected president and was later named chief of staff to senior Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett. His job in Obama’s Senate office included serving as an ambassador to unions and African Americans, two key constituencies. The Office of Public Liaison meets with interest groups to discuss and promote the president’s policies.
Path to Power
Strautmanis was born in Chicago. His single mother was a teacher at Jenner Elementary School, which was on the grounds of the infamous Cabrini Green housing project in Chicago’s South Side. But Strautmanis spent most of his childhood in Chicago’s tony north-side neighborhoods, where he and his mom moved after she married a Latvian immigrant.(1) His stepfather, a guidance counselor at Jenner Elementary and a member of Cikagas piecisi (The Chicago Five), a band famous in Chicago’s Latvian neighborhoods,(2) adopted Strautmanis, “which is how I got that long name.â€Â(3)
They moved to Chicago’s North Side, and Strautmanis’ parents, who he says always stressed the value of education, sent him to St. Ignatius College Prep, a Jesuit-run school that was one of the best in the city. He started as a theater major at University of Illinois but eventually graduated with a degree in advertising.(1)
He decided in college to be a bike messenger “because I heard they made good money and I was too much of a fool to realize I was putting my life in my hands.â€Â(4) Delivering packages to a big-time law firm in downtown Chicago, Strautmanis decided “this must be the best place to be.â€Â(1)
He got a job as a paralegal at the law firm, Sidley Austin, to try to learn what lawyers do, and he became friends with a young attorney named Michelle Robinson. Robinson introduced him to her boy friend, Barack Obama, whom Strautmanis had heard about because Sidley Austin was aggressively recruiting him to return to the firm the year after he worked there as a summer associate. Obama and Strautmanis met on the basketball court at Robinson’s uncle’s house, “and we’ve all been friends ever since.â€Â(3)
Strautmanis returned to the University of Illinois to study law and earned his J.D. in 1994. He wanted to work in politics, so he introduced himself to Tom Hynes, a South Side Chicago political boss, at a Christmas party and worked with Hynes’ son, Dan, on the 1996 Clinton-Gore campaign in Illinois. After the campaign, Strautmanis handed his resume to then-U.S. Assistant Attorney General Deval Patrick after Patrick delivered a speech in Chicago.
A Clinton administration appointment earned him a job at the U.S. Agency for International Development until he moved to then-Rep. Rod Blagojevich’s office as the director of legislative affairs. Strautmanis stayed in Washington when Blagojevich became Illinois’ governor and worked briefly for the Association of Trial Lawyers of America.(5) He stayed in touch with Obama and volunteered on his Senate campaign in 2004. He became the chief counsel and deputy chief of staff for Obama’s Senate office before joining his 2008 presidential campaign.(6)
Strautmanis now serves as chief of staff to Valerie Jarrett, who is special assistant to the president for the Office of Public Liaison. The job is very similar to the outreach position Strautmanis held in Obama’s Senate office from 2006 to 2008.(7)
The Issues
Strautmanis is a senior adviser to the president and the first lady. Obama describes him as a “utility man,†and campaign advisor and Obama family friend Valerie Jarrett says he’s the person you call when you need help with a delicate situation.
“He understands the importance of the personal touch and that e-mails and phone calls are not always appropriate,†she said. “There are times when a face-to-face is just the right thing to do. He dropped everything and hopped on a plane.â€Â(1)
While in Obama’s Senate office, he often worked as a pseudo-ambassador to important Democratic interest groups such as unions and African American leaders, and he continued the ambassador role during the campaign, liasing with members of Congress and important constituencies while Obama was away from Washington campaigning.(1)
Strautmanis has an autistic child. During the 2009 health-care reform debate, he felt compelled to speak out after ex-Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin (R) stated that her baby with Down's syndrome would lose coverage under Obama's health-reform plan. Strautmanis cut a video in which he said, "That simply is not true," and explained that health care for disabled children would "improve."
"I got really offended," Strautmanis said. (8)
Speaking with reporters in 2008 about Obama’s proposed disability policy, he said that there has been a lack of leadership in the federal government on autism policy. He said: “I felt that as far back as this moment [when he found that he could get treatment for his son easier than most because he was close friends with Obama] I had a responsibility to advocate for, work for, not only my child, but all of us, not only the other children dealing with the autism spectrum disorder, but the adults, the village, the medical community, the educators, everybody that is pulling together.â€Â(9)
The Network
Obviously, Strautmanis’ most important contacts are President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. Strautmanis met Michelle before going to law school and quickly became friends with both Obamas. Another fellow Illinois Law student was Rep. Jesse L. Jackson Jr. The friends spent long nights studying together at the International House of Pancakes.
Footnotes
1.
Dorning, Mike and Parsons, Christi, “Obama advisor worked path to key campaign role; Candidate like ‘older brother’ to fellow Chicagoan who works as liason in Washington,†Chicago Tribune, Aug. 10, 2008
2.
“Senior aide to Sen. Obama meets with Baltic Reps,†Cikaga.com
3.
Interview posted by Zachary Scott Edwards, “African American Leadership Meeting with Michael Strautmanis,†Oct. 24, 2007
4.
Interview posted by Zachary Scott Edwards, “African American Leadership Meeting with Michael Strautmanis,†Oct. 24, 2007
5.
Newsletter from the Dean of the University of Illinois Law School, March 2008
6.
Press release for Obama for America, “Obama campaign announces Congressional liaison team,†July 7, 2008
7.
Parsons, Christi and McCormick, John, “A Chicago-style welcome mat; Obama rounds out public liaison office with 3 hometown pals,†Chicago Tribune, Dec. 6, 2008
8.
Interview with WhoRunsGov.com, September 2009
9.
Chew, Kristina, “A statement from Mike Strautmanis, Obama’s chief counsel,†Autism Vox, Sept. 3, 2008</summary>
<start_date>1969-03-24</start_date>
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<name>Gary Gensler</name>
<description>ex-Goldman Sachs executive, Chairman of Commodity Futures Trading Commission.</description>
<summary>Gary Gensler served as Treasury Under Secretary for Domestic Finance after being Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets from 1997 to 2001. He subsequently acted as Senior Advisor to Senator Paul Sarbanes, on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Prior to this, he spent 18 years at Goldman Sachs, as a partner for nine years and later as co-head of finance.</summary>
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<updated_at>2010-11-29 15:33:07</updated_at>
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<id>34584</id>
<name>Gene B Sperling</name>
<description>Obama's second NEC director; former NEC director under Clinton</description>
<summary>Gene B. Sperling is senior fellow for economic studies and director of the Center for Universal Education (CUE) at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). From 1997 to 2001, Mr. Sperling served as national economic advisor to President Clinton and as deputy national economic advisor from 1993 to 1996. He was the third director of the National Economic Council, following Robert Rubin and Laura Tyson.
Mr. Sperling currently serves as U.S. chair of the Global Campaign for Education, a coalition of nongovernmental organizations focused on universal basic education. He coauthored a Council Special Report, What Works in Girls’ Education: Evidence and Policies from the Developing World and has written essays calling for a strong global compact on education in such publications as Foreign Affairs, New York Times, Washington Post, Financial Times, and the IMF Quarterly: Finance and Development.
Representing the Clinton administration at the 2000 UN World Education Forum in Dakar, Senegal, Mr. Sperling delivered one of the keynote addresses. He was a member of the UN Millennium Task Force on Gender Equality and Education, and served on the Education Expert Group of the World Economic Forum’s Global Governance Initiative in 2003 to 2004, and currently serves as a member of the FTI Task Team on Education in Fragile States and as a member of the Advisory Board for the Gates Foundation/Hewlett Partnership on Quality Education.
Mr. Sperling is also a senior fellow of economic policy at the Center for American Progress, a contributing editor and columnist for Bloomberg News, a governor on the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Board, a former consultant and contributing writer to NBC’s The West Wing. He has done economic commentary on such programs as: Meet the Press, Face the Nation, This Week, CNN's Late Edition, Good Morning America, and Nightline. He is the author of The Pro-Growth Progressive: An Economic Strategy for Shared Prosperity (Simon & Schuster).
Mr. Sperling graduated from the University of Minnesota summa cum laude, attended Wharton Business School and graduated from Yale Law School where he was senior editor of the Yale Law Journal. He is a native of Ann Arbor, Michigan and currently lives with his wife, Allison Abner, and their children in Washington, DC.</summary>
<start_date/>
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<updated_at>2011-07-01 10:06:45</updated_at>
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<name>Jim Messina</name>
<description>Assistant to the President & Deputy Chief of Staff (Appointed 11-16-08)</description>
<summary>Born in Denver, Colo., but raised in Boise, Idaho, Messina earned a B.A. in political science from the University of Montana. While in college, he worked for the Montana Democratic Party and as press secretary for Democrat Frank Morrison in his unsuccessful run for governor.
Messina managed his first campaign in 1993 when Dan Kemmis (D) ran for mayor of Missoula, Mont. He also worked as a chief of staff in the Montana state Senate before heading East to Washington.(1)</summary>
<start_date/>
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<updated_at>2009-11-24 12:46:45</updated_at>
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<Entity>
<id>34596</id>
<name>Shaun Donovan</name>
<description>Obama Secretary of HUD (designate)</description>
<summary>Mr. Donovan was appointed Commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development (HPD) in March 2004 by Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. HPD’s $7.5 Billion New Housing Marketplace Plan to build and preserve 165,000 units of affordable housing for 500,000 New Yorkers is the largest housing plan in the nation. In September 2008, Mr. Donovan, together with Mayor Bloomberg, announced that the Plan reached the midway point on schedule with more than 82,500 units funded.
Before joining the Bloomberg administration, Mr. Donovan worked at Prudential Mortgage Capital Company as managing director of its FHA lending and affordable housing investments. In the affordable housing arena, Prudential Mortgage Capital’s portfolio totaled more than $1.5 billion in debt, including Fannie Mae, FHA and other loan types.
Prior to Prudential, Mr. Donovan was a visiting scholar at New York University, where he researched and wrote about the preservation of federally-assisted housing. He was also a consultant to the Millennial Housing Commission on strategies for increasing the production of multifamily housing. The Commission was created by the United States Congress to recommend ways to expand housing opportunities across the nation.
Until March of 2001, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Multifamily Housing at HUD, the primary federal official responsible for privately-owned multifamily housing. At HUD, he ran housing subsidy programs that provided over $9 billion annually to 1.7 million families and oversaw a portfolio of 30,000 multifamily properties with over 2 million housing units. He also served as acting FHA Commissioner during the presidential transition.
Prior to joining HUD, he worked at the Community Preservation Corporation (CPC) in New York City, a non-profit lender and developer of affordable housing. He also researched and wrote about housing policy at the Joint Center for Housing Studies at Harvard University and worked as an architect in New York and Italy. He holds Masters degrees in Public Administration and Architecture from Harvard University.
</summary>
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<name>Herbert M Allison Jr.</name>
<description>Former Fannie Mae, TIAA-CREF and Merrill Lynch executive; former Treasury official under Obama</description>
<summary>Herbert M. Allison, Jr. was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 19, 2009 to serve as the Department of the Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability. As Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability, Allison is responsible for developing and coordinating Treasury's policies on legislative and regulatory issues affecting financial stability, including overseeing the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP). Allison is also Counselor to the Secretary.
Most recently, Allison served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Fannie Mae. Prior to being appointed to Fannie Mae, he was Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of TIAA-CREF. Allison began his career at Merrill Lynch, where he served many roles and was ultimately elected President, Chief Operating Officer and a member of the Board.
He was a director of Time Warner and a member of the Advisory Board of the Yale School of Management, the Advisory Council of the Stanford Graduate School of Business, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's International Advisory Committee. Allison was a director of the New York Stock Exchange from 2003-2005.
Allison earned a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University and an M.B.A from Stanford University. He spent four years as an officer in the U.S. Navy, including a year in Vietnam. He is married and has two sons.</summary>
<start_date/>
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<name>John O Brennan</name>
<description>Homeland Security Advisor (Appointed 01-09-09)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Brennan boasts a 25-year intelligence career and an expertise in counterterrorism, skills that should aid President Barack Obama as deputy national security adviser for counterterrorism. But his presence in the White House is also troubling to some who question his involvement in Bush-era interrogation tactics.
A fluent Arabic speaker, Brennan is known for being smart and tough-as-nails. According to George W. Bush CIA director George J. Tenet, Brennan once confronted a top Iranian spy in the streets of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
But his connections in the intelligence community have also gotten Brennan in trouble. Brennan was Obama’s top pick for CIA director, but he withdrew his name in November 2008 after he was attacked for his earlier statements in support of the Bush administration’s advanced interrogation techniques. Instead, Obama appointed Brennan to a White House job that does not require Senate confirmation.
Brennan's was further empowered when President Obama combined the homeland security and national security functions of the National Security Council, with the homeland security portfolio under Brennan. Brennan has "direct and immediate" access to the president. White House statement, May 26, 2009
The “very important difference now as opposed to in the previous administration is that President Obama I think has been able to connect to the world in a very positive way,†Brennan said in an August 2009 speech. Tapper, Jake, ABC's "Political Punch Podcast," Aug. 7, 2009
Path to Power
New Jersey native Brennan graduated from Fordham University in 1977 after a year of intensive Arabic and Middle Eastern studies in Cairo. He earned his J.D. from the University of Texas at Austin before joining the CIA as an intelligence director in 1980.
Brennan held a series of positions at the agency in America and abroad; he worked in Saudi Arabia and in Washington on Near Eastern and South Asian analyses. In the 1990s, he led counter-terrorism efforts for a variety of programs and worked closely with Tenet, who appointed him as his chief of staff in 1999.
Brennan was named CIA deputy executive director in March 2001 and served in that post until 2003. In 2004, he accepted a job at the National Counter-Terrorism Center, where he revamped the government’s monitoring of terrorist activity by incorporating information from across agencies. He also increased the number of analysts and compiled one of the most comprehensive reports on terrorism across the world. “We want to make sure that we are looking at it [terrorism] openly and as exhaustively as possible,†Brennan said in 2004. He also created the terrorist watch list, which contains names and data on thousands of suspected terrorists and is accessible to law enforcement officials, during his tenure.Transcript of Secretary Tom Ridge and TTIC Director John Brennan During Media Availability, Department of Homeland Security, Oct. 10, 2004
In 2005, Brennan left government for Analysis Corp., a Fairfax company that provides support to the government’s counter-terrorism efforts.“New At the Top: John O. Brennan,†Washington Post, Dec. 12, 2005 He returned to politics in 2008 as a senior adviser to Obama’s presidential campaign. He was the top contender for the CIA director before he withdrew his name in November 2008 amid concerns that Brennan had condoned the CIA’s harsh interrogation techniques of high-value terrorist detainees.
In January 2009, Obama appointed Brennan deputy national security adviser for counter-terrorism.Mazzetti, Mark, “Candidate for CIA Post Withdraws His Name,†New York Times, Nov. 25, 2008
The Issues
Brennan’s number-one priority will be protecting the U.S. from terrorist attacks. He sees the “war on terror†not as a battle, but rather a global campaign to stamp out terrorism.“Interview: John Brennan,†Frontline
In an August 2009 speech before the Center for Straegic and International Studies, Brennan outlined the ways in which Obama's war on terror is different than George W. Bush's, pointing specificaly to efforts to close Guantanamo Bay prison, diplomatic efforts and mending fences with important U.S. allies. He said Obama was actively confronting Al Qaeda in what amounts to the group's safe haven in Pakistan.Tapper Jake, ABC News, "Political Punch," Aug. 7. 2009
"Tactics such as waterboarding were not in keeping with our values as Americans,†Brennan said, “and these practices have been rightly terminated and should not, and will not, happen again," he continued, describing them as a "recruitment bonanza for terrorists."
Brennan also sought to portray Obama as a decisive commander-in-chief who was unafraid to aggressively confront Al-Qaeda, saying that he approved a "number of actions and initiatives against al Qaeda and other terrorist groups" since becoming president.Tapper Jake, ABC News, "Political Punch," Aug. 7. 2009
Though he didn't name Bush, Brennen said that his new boss “rejects an absolutist approach or the imposition of a rigid ideology on our problems. Like the world itself, [Obama's] views are nuanced, not simplistic; practical, not ideological.†Tapper Jake, ABC News, "Political Punch," Aug. 7. 2009
Torture
Brennan was a top aide to former CIA head Tenet after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11; since then, it has been revealed that the CIA used harsh interrogation methods against terrorist detainees, including waterboarding, sparking a controversial political debate over the meaning of torture. But Brennan has since sharply distanced himself from the CIA program.
In August 2009, President Obama handed Brennan ultimate power over the conduct of his war on terror when he named him the head of a new task force that would be charged with overseeing the Justice Department's high-value detainee interrogation program. Gerstein, Josh, Politico.com, "White House to Set Up New Interrogation Team," Aug. 24, 2009
In an August 2009 interview with ABC's "Political Punch Podcast," Brennan answered critics who have attacked him for his role at the CIA while such tactics were employed.
“I personally was always opposed to waterboarding and certain types of techniques, and I think there were people who supported me in that and were able to acknowledge that I was a critic of that when I was in the agency,†Brennan said. “What I want to do is make sure that the United States really projects an image, and its actions convey its strong commitment to individual rights and dignity and waterboarding was not in keeping with that.†Tapper, Jakes, ABC's "Political Punch Podcast," Aug. 7, 2009
Speaking about his CIA tenure, Brennan told ABC: "I was involved in a lot of things supporting our national security. I felt good about them, and I wanted to maintain my involvement in these national security initiatives and programs so I don’t have any regrets about what I did while I was in the Agency."
He added: "I'm frequently surprised at what I see I am reported to have been involved in or to have said because there's quite frankly a lot of misrepresentations out there in the press.â€Â
But Brennan has previously defended the CIA's tactics. In a 2005 interview with Jim Lehrer, Brennan defended the use of extraordinary rendition, saying it is “an absolutely vital tool.†Critics of the practice, which involves arresting detainees in one country and transporting them to another (often without any public notice of the arrest), charge that it is often a tactic used to move suspects to countries that are willing to use torture.Lehrer, Jim, "Debating Rendition Tactics," NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Dec. 5, 2005 On CBS in November 2007, Brennan said that enhanced interrogation techniques have generated “a lot of information … that the agency has in fact used against the real hard-core terrorists.â€Â"Media downplay former CIA official Brennan's support of 'enhanced interrogation techniques,'" Media Matters, Jan. 7, 2009
During the 2008 presidential campaign, Brennan changed that stance, saying repeatedly that the Obama administration would not condone torture. He also called himself a “strong opponent†of the CIA’s techniques in 2008, and has specifically opposed water boarding.Mazzetti, Mark, “Candidate for CIA Post Withdraws His Name,†New York Times, Nov. 25, 2008
However, these assurances were not enough to assuage bloggers and some human-rights advocates, who called the choice dangerous.Weiner, Rachel, “John Brennan, Torture-Tainted CIA Prospect, Alarms Obama Supporters,†Huffington Post, Nov. 21, 2008 “Appointing John Brennan to a position of high authority would be to affirm and embrace, not repudiate, the darkest aspects of the last eight years,†wrote Glenn Greenwald, a liberal lawyer and blogger for Salon.com.Greenwald, Glenn, “The list of the governments that have persecuted journalists,†Salon, Nov. 21, 2008
When he withdrew his name from consideration for CIA head, Brennan cited these criticisms as the reason, saying he did not want to distract from the work of the transition team.
Wiretapping
Brennan, like many intelligence community members, is a staunch supporter of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act that allows the U.S. to collect information through wiretapping and other methods.
National Public Radio reported that Brennan convinced Obama to support reauthorizing the FISA bill, with some new restrictions, in July 2008 by arguing that the program is “essential to the fight against terrorism.†Brennan supports granting telecommunications companies immunity from prosecution for providing information to the government after 9/11 because they were “told to do so by the appropriate authorities that were operating in a legal context.â€ÂGjelten, Tom, "Election 2008: Candidates on the Issues: Candidates' Long-Held Intelligence Views Shift," NPR, July 7, 2008
Brennan has suggested that a team of executive, legislative and judicial representatives work together to oversee the implementation of FISA and review the process in order to ensure that it is being implemented appropriately.
Civil Liberties
Brennan has argued that the government should have the right to view citizens’ records and eavesdrop on their communications “if there is probable cause, reasonable suspicion, about the involvement of a U.S. person in something.â€Â“Interview: John Brennan,†Frontline
He has also said that the government should be able to utilize information gathered by private companies (like car rental records or purchases from web sites) in extreme circumstances.“Interview: John Brennan,†Frontline
Iran
In a July 2008 paper, Brennan called on the United States to soften its rhetoric towards Iran without relenting on its demands for Iran to cut ties to terrorists. He also called on American officials to reach out to the country and establish a direct dialogue.Brennan, John, “The Conundrum of Iran: Strengthening Moderates without Acquiescing to Belligerence,†The Annals of the American Academy, July 2008
Brennan has advised the U..S. to offer “meaningful carrots, as well as sticks†in its negotiations with Iran. He contends that U.S. officials could afford to relax their stance on certain issues, such as loosening sanctions on the sale of spare airline parts and offering to help negotiate key issues like Israeli-Palestinian relationships.Brennan, John, “The Conundrum of Iran: Strengthening Moderates without Acquiescing to Belligerence,†The Annals of the American Academy, July 2008 http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/618/1/168
The Network
Right now, Brennan is most famous (or some say infamous) for his ties to George J. Tenet, former CIA director under President George W. Bush.
Brennan, who was a top adviser to President Barack Obama during the campaign, is close to Anthony Lake, a national security adviser to President Bill Clinton who ran the Obama campaign’s foreign policy effort.Mazetti, Mark, “John O. Brennan,†New York Times, Nov. 14, 2008</summary>
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<name>Lisa Jackson</name>
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<summary>was appointed in 2006 by Governor Jon Corzine to lead New Jersey’s Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). Her past experience includes management responsibilities at the Environmental Protection Agency.</summary>
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<summary>is a Professor of Law at the University of Michigan, teaching communications law and internet law. She was a partner with Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering (now WilmerHale) until the end of 2002, when she left to become a legal academic. Ms Crawford recently ended her term as a member of the Board of Directors of ICANN.</summary>
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<name>Antony Blinken</name>
<description>National Security Advisor to the Vice President (Appointed 12-23-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Blinken’s boss Joseph Biden described his right-hand man on the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations as “one of the smartest guys I’ve ever worked with.â€Â(1)
Blinken has been Biden’s top staffer on the key committee since 2002, helping to craft policy on the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, Pakistan and the nuclear program in Iran, among other issues. He also served on the National Security Council during Bill Clinton’s presidency and was a senior fellow with the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a left-leaning foreign policy think tank.
Those experiences will serve him well in his new position as national security adviser to the vice president, a post Blinken accepted in December 2008. His selection has won acclaim from the liberal netroots: blogger Spencer Ackerman called him a “first-rate mind†and an energetic progressive.(2)
Blinken is the author of the 1987 book Ally Verses Ally: America, Europe and the Siberian Pipeline Crisis.
Path to Power
Blinken was born in New York City to a political family. His father was a diplomat to Hungary, and his stepfather Samuel Pisar is the youngest known survivor of the Nazi concentration camp in Auschwitz. Pisar moved his family to Paris when Blinken was nine years old.(3)
Blinken earned his undergraduate degree at Harvard University in 1984 and his J.D. from Columbia Law School. After graduating in 1988, he spent two years with the Dukakis for president campaign before joining law firms in New York and Paris. During that time, he also reported for the New Republic, the New York Times and Foreign Affairs magazine.
In 1993, Blinken was named as special assistant secretary of state for European affairs by then-Secretary of State Warren Christopher. He entered President Clinton's White House in 1994 as a member of the National Security Council staff. Blinken directed the NSC’s Strategic Planning office and wrote speeches until 1999, when he was promoted to senior director for European affairs.
After Clinton left office, Blinken worked as a senior fellow at CSIS. In 2002, he was appointed staff director of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In that position, he developed legislation that addressed the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Darfur genocide, relations with Pakistan as well as nuclear disarmament.
As soon as Biden announced his intentions to run in 2007, he joined Biden’s presidential campaign as a foreign policy adviser. As a new addition to Biden’s experienced team (many aides participated in Biden’s 1988 presidential run, and some had even played a role in his 1972 Senate election), Blinken was initially treated as an outsider.(4)
But he quickly proved to be a capable campaigner and surrogate. In one memorable exchange, Blinken sparred with a surrogate of then-Democratic presidential candidate Bill Richardson, who said Biden would be an excellent secretary of state. “Secretary of State Bill Richardson might sound good to President Biden,†Blinken replied.(5)
Blinken stuck with Biden until he dropped out of the 2008 race after the Iowa primaries. He began advising Barack Obama. He was invited on his trip to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Europe in July 2008. Blinken told Biden he was impressed with Obama’s understanding of the region.(6) He was also asked by Susan E. Rice to help craft the Democratic Party's foreign policy platform.(7)
Blinken continued to work on the Obama-Biden campaign. When the pair won the presidency, he was a member of the Obama-Biden transition team, where he evaluated the structure of the executive office of the president.(8)
He was named national security adviser to Biden in December 2008 and will work closely with Gen. James L. Jones, Obama’s pick for national security adviser. He and Biden have pledged to play an active role in shaping decisions, particularly regarding international relations. However, Blinken has said that the vice president will not rule from the shadows, instead making cleat his positions and roles in decisions.
In his spare time, Blinken rocks out with his amateur band.
The Issues
From Iraq and Afghanistan to Kosovo, Blinken has helped Biden respond to some of the most pressing issues of the day. The pair share a belief in liberal interventionism, and Blinken is not afraid to use force when necessary. However, he believes that military engagement should be a last resort. He told the Chicago Tribune “we maximize our power by acting in concert with others and using the totality of our strength, including non-military tools.â€Â(9)
The willingness to use force is a key difference between Blinken and many of Obama’s staffers, a staffer told Politico.(10)
Blinken’s management style has been widely praised by his employees. Staffers say he is good at trusting his team to do their jobs while also ensuring a quality finished product. He describes his job as finding “the smartest people I can and letting them loose.â€Â(11)
Iraq
Blinken was central in shaping Biden’s vision of a post-war Iraq divided into Sunni, Shiite and Kurdish states, a plan that was supported by three-quarters of the Senate in a largely symbolic vote. The “federalism strategy†seemed like the only viable alternative in Iraq, Blinken told Gannett News Service. "Putting all their chips in a strong central government is not going to happen, but what could happen is a policy that tries to build up Iraq locally and regionally,†he said.(12)
The proposal was widely panned in the press. The Economist called the plan "harebrained."(13)
Blinken also supports a phased withdrawal of troops from Iraq, and a redeployment of force to Afghanistan.
Diplomacy
In a 2002 paper for the Washington Quarterly, Blinken wrote “many currents of anti-Americanism develop not because the United States is misguided, but because it is misunderstood.†He has called for a sustained effort to cultivate a positive image of America abroad through several means, including a more robust public diplomacy, a stronger relationship with opinion-makers abroad, a clearer assessment of international public opinion, and a sustained goodwill campaign.(14)
The Network
Blinken has a cadre of friends in high places, thanks in part to his work with the Clinton administration. He has worked with diplomat Richard D. Holbrooke and White House Counsel Gregory B. Craig.(15)
He is also old friends with U.N. ambassador nominee Susan E. Rice, who ran Obama’s foreign policy shop during the 2008 presidential campaign.
His wife is Evan Ryan, Biden's assistant for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison.
Footnotes
1.
Remarks by Sen. Joe Biden (D-De.), Location: Century Village Adult Condominium Community, Deerfield Beach, Floriday,†Federal News Service, Sept. 2, 2008
2.
Ackerman, Spencer, “Donilon, Blinken Join The White House Foreign Policy Staff,†Washington Independent, Dec. 23, 2008
3.
“Remarks by Sen. Joe Biden (D-De.)," Location: Century Village Adult Condominium Community, Deerfield Beach, Floriday,†Federal News Service, Sept. 2, 2008
4.
Murray, Shailagh, “Familiar Faces at Biden’s Side,†Washington Post, July 21, 2007
5.
Falcone, Michael, “Candidate ‘Surrogates’ Talk Foreign Policy,†New York Times, July 25, 2008
6.
Murray, Shailagh, “Biden, Obama a Comfortable Fit on the Campaign Trail," Washington Post, Sept. 1, 2008
7.
Thrush, Glenn and Zenilman, Avi, “Biden and Obama come together on Iraq," Politico, Aug. 25, 2008
8.
Change.gov
9.
Fang, Bay, “How Biden might guide Obama,†Chicago Tribune, Oct. 23, 2008
10.
Thrush, Glenn and Zenilman, Avi, “Biden and Obama come together on Iraq,†Politico, Aug. 25, 2008
11.
Cannon, Carl. M, and Hegland, Corine, “Senate Foreign Relations Committee,†National Journal, June 23, 2007
12.
Yaukey, John, “Bush, Dems wrestle for control of war debate on eve of major report,†Gannett News Service, Sept. 13, 2007
13.
"Joebama," The Economist, Aug., 28, 2008
14.
Blinken, Antony, “Winning the War of Ideas,†Washington Quarterly, Spring 2002
15.
“China’s Role in the World,†Charlie Rose Show, Aug. 8, 2008</summary>
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<name>Bowman Cutter</name>
<description>Director of the Next American Economy project at the Roosevelt Institute</description>
<summary>has been managing director of Warburg Pincus since 1996. He currently serves as chairman of CARE and chairman of MicroVest, and is a member of the board for the Committee for Economic Development, The Atlantic Council, and Resources for the Future. Cutter served on the National Economic Council, from 1993 to 1996 and at the Office of Management and Budget from 1976 to 1981. From 1981 to 1993, he was vice chairman and managing partner at Coopers & Lybrand.</summary>
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<name>Jacob J Lew</name>
<description>OMB Director under Obama and Clinton; former Citigroup executive</description>
<summary/>
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<name>Arne Duncan</name>
<description>Obama Secretary of Education</description>
<summary/>
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<name>Christina D Romer</name>
<description>Economics professor at Berkeley; Former Chair of Obama's Council of Economic Advisors</description>
<summary>Romer was the Class of 1957-Garff B. Wilson Professor of Economics at the University of California Berkeley. Before teaching at Berkeley, she taught economics and public affairs at Princeton University from 1985-1988.
Until her nomination, she was co-director of the Program in Monetary Economics at the National Bureau of Economic Research and served as Vice President of the American Economic Association, where she was also a member of the executive committee. She is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Romer is known for her research on the causes and recovery of the Great Depression, and on the role that fiscal and monetary policy played in the country’s economic recovery. Her most recent work, authored with her husband David Romer, also an economics professor, shows the impact of tax policy on government and economic growth.
Her working papers include "A Narrative Analysis of Postwar Tax Changes," "Do Tax Cuts Starve the Beast? The Effect of Tax Changes on Government Spending," and "The Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks."
Romer is the recipient of a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship, the National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, and the Distinguished Teaching Award at Berkeley.
Romer was born on December 25, 1958, in Alton, Ill., and received her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985. She is married and has three children.</summary>
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<name>Ellen Moran</name>
<description>Chief of Staff to Commerce Secretary Gary Locke; former ED at Emily's List</description>
<summary>Ellen Moran, who served three months as White House communications director, will become chief of staff to Commerce Secretary Gary Locke.
Ms. Moran, who was the executive director Emily's List before joing the Obama administration, has had years of experience in mobilizing public opinion for Democratic candidates, female candidates and labor union causes. She is known for paying attention to details, without losing sight of the big picture.
Her connection to Barack Obama came through David Plouffe, the Obama campaign manager, and David Axelrod, who is senior adviser at the White House. She worked with both in previous jobs. She was a staunch advocate for Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton until Mrs. Clinton conceded the Democratic presidential nomination.
Ms. Moran was the coordinator of the A.F.L.-C.I.O.’s “corporate accountability campaign†against Wal-Mart. During a leave of absence in 2004, she managed “independent expenditures,†advertising and other campaign activities for the Democratic National Committee. She also directed a $50 million issue advocacy campaign for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in 2000, and worked on Senator Tom Harkin’s presidential campaign in 1992.
She was born May 1, 1966, in Troy, N.Y., and grew up in Amherst, Mass. She graduated from Wheaton College in 1988 with degrees in political science and English literature.</summary>
<start_date>1966-05-01</start_date>
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<name>Adolfo Carrion Jr</name>
<description>White House Director of Urban Affairs (since February 2009)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
A year ago, Carrion was planning a run for New York City comptroller, abandoning his mayoral ambitions because he didn’t think he would win. Now he is the urban policy czar in the Obama administration.
Carrion is the president’s pick for head of the new White House Office of Urban Policy, which will be responsible for coordinating federal efforts to help cities. He will report directly to the President.(1)
It is a remarkable rise for the Puerto Rican politician, who has won positions and power at a breakneck clip. Carrion grew up in the Bronx and was elected to New York’s City Council in 1998. He became Bronx borough president in 2001, ignoring critics who implored him to wait his turn. In that role, Carrion became a key player in New York City politics, thanks to his close relationship and ideological similarities with Mayor Michael Bloomberg (I).
Carrion has his opponents, who argue he has sold the borough to developers and big-box stores. “If Adolfo does for the U.S.A. what he has done for The Bronx, then we are in for a very tough time,†wrote Andrew Wolfe, a Bronx newspaper publisher.(2) And some say his lack of experience at the federal level will make it difficult for him to address the myriad problems faced by American cities.(3)
However, Carrion has lured dozens of new businesses and hundreds of new units of affordable housing. His emphasis on private-public partnerships will likely be a centerpiece of any new urban legislation he champions.
Path to Power
Carrion was born in Manhattan in 1961. His father, a Protestant minister, inspired his son to go into preaching. His mother, a full-time mom, gave him “a daily dose of the golden rule.â€Â(4)
Carrion moved to the Bronx when he was in fourth grade. He earned his undergraduate degree in world religions from Kings College and then became an associate pastor at a Bronx church.
He moved from preaching to teaching and eventually decided to return to school. He earned his master’s degree in urban planning from Hunter College and then took a job in the Bronx office of the New York City Department of City Planning.(5)
Carrion became involved in borough politics as district manager for a community board, a neighborhood governing organization. He also learned about non-profits as vice president of human services and community outreach at Promesa, a community development organization.
Carrion was elected to the City Council in 1998. In that position, he sat on the Economic Development and Education committees among others, and served as chair of the special subcommittee on the 2000 Census.
In 2001, Carrion was elected Bronx Borough president. He ran despite pleas from several top Democrats to wait to run until 2004. His refusal to kowtow to the Bronx political machine has left him with few close friends in the county’s Democratic organization.(6)
Despite that, Carrion was re-elected in 2005. He remained relevant by allying himself with Mayor Bloomberg. At a ribbon-cutting ceremony in 2006, Bloomberg called Carrion “the No. 1 Yankees fan and the greatest advocate for the Bronx -- and in all fairness, the person who's made the most difference, in my memory, in this borough.â€Â(7)
The pro-business Democrat shared an appreciation with Bloomberg for big government and development. In one of his most controversial moves, he brought big-box stores to Bronx neighborhoods and lobbied for the subsidization of the new Yankees stadium, which will open in spring 2009.
In 2008, Carrion announced his intentions to run in a tight race for city comptroller. It was widely reported that he had considered a campaign for mayor, but changed his mind when it became clear he probably couldn’t defeat current Comptroller Will Thompson.(8)
After President Barack Obama’s 2008 victory, Carrion was considered a candidate for head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development or as a replacement for outgoing senator and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. However, the transition team is expected to select Carrion for head of the White House’s new Office of Urban Policy.(9)
The likely appointment has prompted backlash from some of New York's most liberal activists. Tom Robbins of the Village Voice attacked Carrion for flip-flopping on mayoral term limits and for wooing big business at the cost of residents and local business owners.(10)
Carrion’s Washington prospects were thrown into doubt when he told Yale students at a speech that he had landed a plum position in the White House. Though he told the audience his comments were “off-the-record,†his words quickly flew around the Internet, embarrassing the candidate.(11)
Many reporters say Carrion has higher ambitions, and that he will probably run for New York City mayor in the next ten years. The White House job “establishes Carrion as the standard-bearer for Bloomberg's philosophy,†writes Ben Smith of Politico, “and a frontrunner to be elected the city's mayor at some point in the next decade.â€Â(12)
The Issues
Carrion believes in using businesses and development to improve the quality of life across the Bronx. While in office, he has emphasized bringing big-box stores to the area, redeveloping commercial districts and encouraging large-scale builders to bring their projects to the borough.
"Some people have described what we’re going through now as the largest boom since the 1920s," Carrion told the National Real Estate Investor. Since his election, 35,000 housing units were built and $1.6 billion was invested in borough property. Still, the area is struggling – unemployment was at 8.3 percent in 2008,(13) and the number of families living below the poverty line in 2004 was at 28 percent.(14)
Economic Development
Among Carrion’s biggest accomplishments as borough president is bringing big retail stores, like Target, Home Depot, Best Buy, Bed Bath & Beyond to the Bronx and securing subsidies for the Yankees to build their $800 million new stadium.
Both moves have their critics, particularly among community activists in the Bronx who accused Carrion of “selling out†and making it more difficult for mom-and-pop stores to survive.
As borough president, Carrion has emphasized building new homes for moderate and low-income residents and has tried to develop creative ways to encourage home ownership. “We can’t keep throwing money at a housing policy that concentrates poor families in massive housing projects and hopes for the best,†he said in a 2007 speech. “We must stop treating the poor as laboratory subjects that we tinker with in our pricey think tanks and universities.â€Â(15)
Carrion has warned, however, that the financial crisis may make developers more timid. "We along with the rest of the country are holding our breath," he told the National Real Estate Investor. He said the federal government must act decisively to stave off recession.(13)
Domestic Violence
Carrion has been an active advocate for victims of domestic violence. He lobbied to update New York’s 1994 violence against women law so that it defined domestic violence more broadly. "A crime is a crime, and we can't simply ignore certain populations based on narrow definitions," Carrion told the New York Daily News.(16)
He also hired Karen McGuiness as chief of staff. McGuiness, who was abused by her partner for years, is one of the New York City's domestic violence prevention leaders.(17)
Latino Representation
As head of the National Association of Latino Elected Officials since 2007, Carrion has pushed for increased Latino voter participation. He has also persuaded more Latino candidates to run for office.
Carrion has been an outspoken advocate for preserving the rights of Puerto Rico. He was arrested and sentenced to forty days in jail for protesting near the U.S. Navy bombing site on Vieques with the Rev. Al Sharpton and three other well-known Puerto Rican politicians.(18)
The Network
Carrion’s close relationship with Mayor Michael Bloomberg has helped him push his Bronx agenda. He is also friends with New York City Comptroller Bill Thompson, who will probably run for mayor. He has said that he does not want to run against him for any elected office.
Carrion endorsed Hillary Rodham Clinton (D-N.Y.) early in the2008 presidential contest, as did most other New York politicians. However, once Obama sealed the nomination, Carrion was an active campaigner for the president, travelling across the country to speak on his behalf. He focused particularly on states with large Hispanic populations. Carrion also attended a fundraiser in Chicago. He told the New York Observer that he met Obama’s “friends and supporters, very intimate people with Senator Obama†while there. "We’re going to work together,†he claimed.(19)
Footnotes
1.
Allen, Mike. “Obama Sets Record for top Hispanics,†Politico, Dec. 16, 2008
2.
“Carrion off the Washington? Some Hope Not,†Gotham Gazette, Dec. 11, 2008
3.
Adolfo Carrion Web site
4.
Bronx Borough president official Web site
5.
Hicks, Jonathan, “Adolfo Carrion Jr.,†New York Times, Dec. 3 2008
6.
Hicks, Jonathan P., “President of Bronx Could Get Cabinet Post,†New York Times, Nov. 22, 2008
7.
Chan, Sewell, “2006 Election: Off the Trail; A Different Bronx Cheer,†New York Times, Oct. 9, 2006
8.
Hicks, Jonathan, “In Turnabout, Seeking Job of Comptroller, Not Mayor,†New York Times, Dec. 14, 2007
9.
Haberman, Maggie, “Bronx Pol Adolfo Carrion Will Head Urban Policy,†New York Post, Dec. 13, 2008
10.
Robbins, Tom, “Five Reasons Why Bronx Beep Adolfo Carrion Will Be a Great HUD Secretary,†Village Voice, Dec. 8, 2008
11.
Kamen, Al, “A Self-leaking nominee,†Washington Post, Dec. 9, 2008
12.
Smith, Ben, “Model City,†Politico, Dec. 13, 2008
13.
Kalette, Denise, “The Bronx is Booming,†National Real Estate Investor, April 1, 2008
14.
United States Census Bureau Website
15.
Hicks, Jonathan, “Adolfo Carrion Jr.,†New York Times, Dec. 3 2008
16.
Coleman, Chrisena, “We Must Do More for Victims: BEEP Urges Legislature to Pass Bill Expanding Domestic Violence Shields,†New York Daily News, April 27, 2007
17.
Morris, Betsy, “You have victims working for you. You have batterers working for you too,†Fortune, Nov. 24, 2008
18.
Lipton, Eric, “Sharpton and 3 From Bronx Are Jailed in Vieques Protest,†New York Times, May 24, 2001
19.
Paybarah, Azi, “Carrion Says He's Tapping Into Obama’s Network,†New York Observer, June 9, 2008</summary>
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Favreau joined Senator John Kerry's 2004 presidential campaign after graduating from Holy Cross in 2003 as the valedictorian. Obama communications aide Robert Gibbs, who had worked for Kerry's campaign, recommended his former colleague Favreau to Obama as an excellent writer. In 2005, Favreau began working for Barack Obama in his U.S. Senate office, before joining Obama's presidential campaign as chief speechwriter in 2007.</summary>
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<summary>Nancy Sutley is the Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). In her role as Chair, she serves as the principal environmental policy adviser to the President.
Prior to her appointment, Sutley was the Deputy Mayor for Energy and Environment for the city of Los Angeles, California. She represented Los Angeles on the Board of Directors for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and served on the California State Water Resources Control Board from 2003- 2005. Sutley also worked for California Governor Gray Davis as Energy Advisor, managing state and federal regulations, legislative affairs, finances and press relations. She served as Deputy Secretary for policy and intergovernmental relations in the California EPA from 1999-2003. She advised on water and air pollution policy, and established budget and legislative priorities. During the administration of President William J. Clinton, Sutley worked for the EPA as a Senior Policy Advisor to the Regional Administrator in San Francisco and special assistant to the Administrator in Washington, D.C.
Sutley received her Bachelors degree from Cornell University and her Masters in Public Policy from Harvard University.</summary>
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<summary>Dr. John P. Holdren is Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Co-Chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST). Prior to joining the Obama administration Dr. Holdren was Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy and Director of the Program on Science, Technology, and Public Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, as well as professor in Harvard's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Director of the independent, nonprofit Woods Hole Research Center. From 1973 to 1996 he was on the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, where he co-founded and co-led the interdisciplinary graduate-degree program in energy and resources.
Holdren holds advanced degrees in aerospace engineering and theoretical plasma physics from MIT and Stanford and is highly regarded for his work on energy technology and policy, global climate change, and nuclear arms control and nonproliferation. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as foreign member of the Royal Society of London. A former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, his awards include a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship, the John Heinz Prize in Public Policy, the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, and the Volvo Environment Prize. He served from 1991 until 2005 as a member of the MacArthur Foundation's board of trustees.
During the Clinton administration Holdren served as a member of PCAST through both terms and in that capacity chaired studies requested by President Clinton on preventing theft of nuclear materials, disposition of surplus weapon plutonium, the prospects of fusion energy, U.S. energy R&D strategy, and international cooperation on energy-technology innovation. In December 1995 he gave the acceptance lecture for the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, an international organization of scientists and public figures in which he held leadership positions from 1982 to 1997.</summary>
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<name>Jared Bernstein</name>
<description>Economic Adviser to Vice President Joe Biden</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
One of the few left-leaning scholars on the new administration’s economic team, Bernstein will have the ear of Vice President Biden and is likely to push his agenda of income inequality and worker rights.
But with centrists like former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers and Berkley professor Christina Romer predominating in the Obama cabinet, it’s hard to predict how much impact Bernstein’s ideas will have on economic debates in the midst of a crippling recession.
As an economist at the left-leaning Washington think tank Economic Policy Institute (EPI) since 1992, Bernstein is loudly pro-union and skeptical of free-trade. While many of Obama’s economic aides are disciples of Clinton Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin, Bernstein doesn’t believe a large deficit is a bad thing.
But crises make strange bedfellows. In a November 2008 op-ed penned by Bernstein and Rubin, the two argued that spending and more spending was the best remedy to the current downturn.
“Fiscal rectitude versus stimulus and public investment: The Bible got this right a long time ago (paraphrasing slightly): there's a time to spend, a time to save; a time to build deficits up and a time to tear them down,†Rubin and Bernstein wrote. “Though one of us (Mr. Rubin) is often invoked as an advocate of fiscal discipline, we both agree that there are times for fiscal discipline and times for fiscal largess. With the current financial crisis, our joint view is that for the short term, our economy needs a large fiscal stimulus that generates substantial economic demand.â€Â(1)
Path to Power
While not much has been reported about Bernstein’s youth, tragedy hit his family at a young age. When he was just seven, his father died. His loss at a young age, he believes made him more aware of those who live with disadvantages, and led him to support unions and workers.(2)
Bernstein moved to New York, and spent many years playing the bass for a jazz band, before deciding to shift into social work and eventually economics.
In 1992, Bernstein joined the liberal EPI as an economist. In 1995, he left the think tank for a brief period to work at the Labor Department as the deputy chief economist under Clinton Labor Secretary Robert Reich. By 1996 he had returned to EPI, where he wrote two books and co-authored eight editions of the The State of Working America, EPI’s yearly analysis of the U.S. labor market.
The Issues
Bernstein may have been picked for his job because of his ties to organized labor and his more progressive economic views compared to other Obama economic aides.
According to Bloomberg News, two unnamed sources on Obama’s economic transition team said Biden was contacted by union officials, complaining that no one represented labor’s interests in the new administration. Biden decided to speak for labor, according to these sources.(3)
When seeking advice for whom he should turn to for labor help, Biden asked Austan Goolsbee, Obama’s pick for staff director and chief economist on the newly created Economic Recovery Advisory Board. According to MSNBC.com, Goolsbee suggested Bernstein.(4)
On Dec. 5, 2008, Biden named Bernstein to his economic team, saying through a press release that “he’s an acclaimed economist, and a proven, passionate advocate for raising the incomes of middle-class families.â€Â(5)
Income and Labor
Throughout his career, Bernstein has studied the slowing effects of income growth in America. In 1994, he and economist Lawrence Mishel authored The State of Working America, which outlined problems of income stagnation and wage disparity. The Clinton administration had been on record stating the best way to correct these issues was through better education and improving job skills in order to catch up with changing technologies.
Bernstein and Mishel didn’t agree. While not offering any solutions, the two blamed globalization, a decline in unionism and the fall in the inflation-adjusted minimum wage as the three main factors causing the decline in wages. Adjusting for inflation, they also showed that median income for families stood at $38,248 in 1993, a dip since 1989 and a figure that neared 1979 numbers.(6)
Less than a year later, Bernstein published a report claiming African-Americans had fallen behind whites in wages and unemployment rates, but the gap between whites and blacks with a high-school diploma had actually decreased. He pointed out three reasons for this decline in wages: High-paying manufacturing jobs, occupied by a disproportionate number of blacks, were beginning to disappear; blacks had not caught up with whites in obtaining a college education and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws had decreased.
"These findings suggest that there is a role for government to play in shoring up institutions that have been eroding, including worker-training programs, placement of displaced workers, a livable minimum wage and strengthened labor and anti-discrimination laws," Bernstein said.(7)
In 1996, Bernstein worked on another installment ofThe State of Working America and he found that the typical working man’s wage had decreased 6.3% from 1989 to 1995. Women’s wages had dropped an average of 1.7% in the same time period. He also said the wages of chief executives of “large corporations’†increased to 173 times the pay of the average worker, which was up from 60 times the average worker in 1978.(8)
By 1997, America had experienced six years of economic expansion. This increased corporate profits and stocks, but the wages of average American workers were often declining. Bernstein spoke out for the working class.
“At best we have achieved wage stagnation," Bernstein said. “At worst, there are significant groups of workers whose wages continue to decline as they have over the past 15 years."(9)
Raising the Minimum Wage
Bernstein backs minimum wage increases, and in 1996 the minimum wage rose from $4.25 to $4.75 an hour. By 1998, the jobless rate had fallen to 4.3 percent, its lowest in nearly three decades, seeming to rebuff the argument that companies would shed workers if forced to pay higher wages. Bernstein co-authored a study on minimum wages with economist John Schmitt, and it showed that the increase helped workers in the lowest income bracket, meaning the hike had worked effectively.
“Although households in the bottom 20 percent (whose average income was $15,728 in 1996) received only 5 percent of total national income, 35 percent of the benefits from the minimum wage increase went to these workers,†the study said. “In this regard, the increase had the intended effect of raising the earnings and incomes of low-wage workers and their households.''(10)
Economic Growth
Although hopeful, Bernstein’s view of economic growth changed over time. By 2003, as unemployment rose to nearly six percent, Bernstein demonstrated that wage growth was not keeping pace with inflation. In the first quarter of 2003, wages grew at a 1.3 percent rate while inflation grew by 2.9 percent.
“This is a stark demonstration of what happens when the pressure goes out of the system,†Bernstein said.(11)
And a year later, after President George W. Bush’s first term, Bernstein showed his disgust with income inequality.‘"The middle-income family is definitely worse off than four years ago,’ Bernstein said.(12)
He noted that it would take extraordinary growth — about 400,000 new jobs a month between now and November — for Bush to avoid the dubious distinction of being the first president since Herbert Hoover to see a net decline in jobs during a term of office.
‘We are more than a million jobs below where we were at the employment peak in March 2001,’†Bernstein said.(12)
The Cure for U.S. Economic Ills
While Bernstein’s specialty doesn’t involve credit mortgages, default swaps or toxic assets, he does have a few words to say about the economic environment’s effect on the middle and lower classes. He wrote a book in early 2008 called "Crunch: Why Do I Feel So Squeezed?" that included some damning criticism of American capitalism.
''Economics has been hijacked by the rich and powerful, and it has been forged into a tool that is being used against the rest of us,'' Bernstein wrote. ''Far too often, economists justify things many of us know to be wrong while claiming the things we believe are critically important can't be done.''(13)
In it, he contends that the chief flaw of the American economic system is the lack of equitable income distribution. He blames weaker unions, lack of minimum wage growth, global competition and shortage of quality job creation, for economic problems.
''The name of the problem is economic inequality, and it's been on the rise for decades,'' he said.(13)
Bernstein’s book was published before the the economic crisis that resulted in the fall 2008 $700 billion rescue package approved by Congress. He hesitated to support the package, especially when Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson nearly demanded the money from Congress.
“Hold on a second. The Treasury and the firms they are representing do not, I repeat, do not, have the bargaining clout here,†Bernstein wrote on his blog for the liberal site Talking Points Memo. “We--the taxpayers and their reps--do. They're coming to us saying, ‘we've screwed up and need you to pick up the pieces to the tune of $700 billion.’ And they've got the brass ones to try to muscle us around about it?!? If Pelosi and company can't get the spine to ignore this muscle play and craft a better plan, then they're not doing their jobs.â€Â(14)
Bernstein called for more oversight of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and a way for taxpayers to reap benefits, if the plan worked.
As for Obama, he sees an opportunity. Calling for a stimulus package and major investments in health-care reform, Bernstein thinks Obama has a rare chance to create a major reform of the U.S system.
"You don't get to implement major changes in American economic policy absent something going pretty wrong," Bernstein said. "He has a historical opportunity to step into the breach."(15)
The Network
While at EPI, Bernstein worked in the same organization as some notable names in politics. David Kusnet, the chief speech writer President Clinton during his first two years in office, has worked at EPI since 1995, and John Irons was on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 1992 to 1994.
In 1995, Bernstein joined the Labor Department as its chief economist under Reich.
Campaign Contributions
Bernstein has donated $7,200 since 2004. All of the money went to the Democratic party or directly to candidates within the party, including $1,450 to Obama in 2008. He gave $250 to John Kerry’s (D-Mass.) presidential campaign in 2004.(16)
Footnotes
1.
Rubin, Robert E. and Bernstein, Jared, "No More Economic False Choices," The New York Times, Nov. 3, 2008
2.
Achenbach, Joel, "Liquid Assets; Two Economists Look At America Through Very Different Glasses," The Washington Post, Aug. 23, 2004
3.
Przybyla, Heidi "Biden Shows He Will Be Labor’s Advocate in Obama Administration," Bloomberg, Dec. 6, 2008
4.
Montanaro, Domenico, "Biden Picks Economic Policy Advisor," MSNBC.com, Dec. 5, 2008
5.
Press release “Vice President-elect Biden announces Chief Economist and Economic Policy Advisor,†Change.gov
6.
Neikirk, William, "Clinton Job Strategy Challenged: Global Trade, Union Decline Cited," Chicago Tribune, Sept. 4, 1994
7.
Rich, Spencer, "Wage, Job Gaps Widen Between Blacks, Whites," Posted in the Chicago Sun-Times from The Washington Post, April 30, 1995
8.
Francis, David, "Families Scrape to Pay Bills, Yet Consumers Are Upbeat Family incomes are growing, but have not caught up to 1989 level," The Christian Science Monitor, Aug. 30, 1996
9.
Francis, David, "Despite 1996 Growth, Wages Stayed Stagnant," The Christian Science Monitor, Feb. 7, 1997
10.
Herbert, Bob, "The Sky Didn't Fall," The New York Times, June 4, 1998
11.
Taylor, T. Shawn, "Pay increases outpaced by inflation," Chicago Tribune, June 4, 2003
12.
Lazarus, David, "Economy is Bush's downfall," The San Francisco Chronicle, Aug. 11, 2004
13.
Hurt III, Harry, "A Rock, a Hard Place and an Exit Strategy," The New York Times, May 18, 2008
14.
Bernstein, Jared, "Now Just Hold On, Hank," TPM Cafe, Sept. 22, 2008
15.
Easton, Nina, "CEO in Chief, "Fortune," Nov. 24, 2008
16.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<name>Jay Carney</name>
<description>Director of Communications for the Vice President (Appointed 12-16-08)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Carney used to hold one of the best journalism jobs in Washington. As the D.C. bureau chief for Time magazine, he enjoyed prime access to movers and shakers in the nation’s capital.
But perhaps reflecting the turbulent times for print media outlets, Carney left reporting in December 2008 to work as communications director for Biden, making him the latest high-profile journalist to join the Obama administration. Linda Douglass, a former television reporter for ABC, joined President Barack Obama’s campaign and is now a member of his inauguration planning team.
Carney’s decision raised eyebrows and brought a new round of charges that the press was in the bag for Obama. But Carney told reporters he has accomplished what he hoped in his 20-year career at Time, and that he is looking for new challenges.
Carney has reported from Havana, Panama, Moscow and Washington. He was one of a handful of reporters who travelled with President George W. Bush on Air Force One after Sept. 11. Politico reporter Mike Allen called Carney “a middle-of-the-road, well-connected journalist with establishment instincts.â€Â(1)
After graduation, he took a job as a reporter for the Miami Herald. He moved to Time in 1989 as an international correspondent. He travelled to Havana to cover Mikhail Gorbachev’s visit in 1989 and reported on the U.S. military operation in Panama the same year.
In 1990, he moved to Russia to report on the collapse of the Soviet Union. He joined Time’s Washington bureau in 1993 to cover President Bill Clinton. His impeachment coverage in particular was widely praised. Carney travelled with Sen. John McCain’s (R-Ariz.) 2000 presidential campaign.
He once again made daily trips to the White House to cover Bush when he was elected. On September 11, 2001, Carney was one of a handful of reporters who traveled aboard Air Force One with the leader.
Carney was named assistant bureau chief of the Time’s Washington bureau in 2003, the same year he won the Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the presidency. He became the magazine’s bureau chief in September 2005, where he helped oversee the publication’s migration to the Internet. He was one of the first mainstream journalists to blog.
Carney jokes that he hopes to write for Sports Illustrated in his next life.(2)
2008 Campaign
Carney was probably one of the better-known reporters during the 2008 presidential campaign, reporting for Time, and appearing as a talking head on CNN and ABC’s This Week with George Stephanopoulos.
Time announced Carney’s departure in early December 2008. The Obama transition team announced he would be joining Biden soon after.
The Issues
Biden is known for his verbal gaffes and slip-ups, and his communications director will have to keep the Vice President in line. In fact, Carney has observed this himself. He once said Biden is “incredibly prone to say the wrong thing†and told a reporter on MSNBC that Biden has said the wrong thing “throughout his career… he's smart, but he speaks -- shoots from the hip.â€Â(3)
Carney has occasionally inflamed conservatives, as when he attacked McCain spokeswoman Nicolle Wallace for defending the lack of access to Gov. Sarah Palin (R) during the 2008 presidential campaign. Carney wrote that "in her smug dismissal of the media's role in asking questions of the candidates, Wallace was really showing contempt not for reporters, but for voters.â€Â(4)
Internet
Carney is hailed as one of the first mainstream journalists to make full use of the Internet. He helped launched one of the earliest Washington-based political blogs run by a major publication, Swampland, where he posted frequently and employed an often casual tone.
However, Carney has made enemies with some of the netroots folks on the left. In one case, he compared George W. Bush’s political problems with Iraq to Bill Clinton’s impeachment, describing both as “distractions.†Bloggers and commenters pounced, attacking Carney’s facts and position. He snapped back, saying the left “is as full of unthinking Ditto-heads as Limbaugh-land."(5)
The Network
Carney is married to Claire Shipman, the senior correspondent for ABC News.
In his 15 years in Washington, he has made a series of high-profile friends, including Antony Blinken, Biden’s national security adviser who convinced him to take the job.
He will work with Elizabeth Alexander and Annie Tomasini in Biden’s press shop.
Footnotes
1.
Allen, Mike, “Time’s Jay Carney Will be Biden Aide,†Politico, Dec. 15, 2008
2.
Swampland blog
3.
Kurtz, Harold, “Time's Carney to Be Biden Press Aide,†Washington Post, Dec. 16, 2008
4.
Carney, Jay, “No Questions Please. We’ll tell you what you need to know,†Swampland, Sept. 4, 2008
5.
Perlstein, Rick, “Reality Bytes: Bloggers upstage the mainstream press yet again,†New Republic, Feb. 7, 2007</summary>
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<name>Cynthia Hogan</name>
<description>Counsel to Vice President Joe Biden (Appointed 11-21-08)</description>
<summary>Why She Matters
Hogan is one of Vice President Joseph R. Biden’s most faithful aides.
She has worked for Biden for almost 20 years as a top staffer on the Senate Judiciary Committee (Biden is a former chairman). After starting on the committee as counsel in 1991,she was soon promoted to staff director and then to chief counsel for the powerful powerful, which oversees judicial nominations, including often contentious Supreme Court nominations.
Her battle scars will come in handy in her new job as Biden's chief counsel. One of Hogan's first major tasks is to head the White House team that will guide Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor through the Senate confirmation process.
Path to Power
Hogan hails from Cincinnati, Ohio. She received her undergraduate degree from Oberlin College in 1979 and her J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1984. She was the editor of the Virginia Law Review.
After graduating from law school, Hogan clerked for Edward Cahn, a U.S. district court judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. She then took a position as an associate at Williams & Connolly, a prominent Washington, D.C., law firm.(1)
In 1991, Hogan joined Sen. Biden’s staff as the constitutional law counsel on the Senate Judiciary Committee that Biden chaired from 1987 to 1995. She was promoted to staff director and then became the committee’s chief counsel. As a Biden staffer, Hogan helped pass the landmark 1994 Violence Crime and the 1995 Control Act and the Violence Against Women Act.(2)
She also advised then-Judiciary Chairman Biden on the Supreme Court nominations of Clinton appointees Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer and George H.W. Bush appointee Clarence Thomas.(1)
Hogan was named chief counsel to Vice President Biden in November 2008. In a statement, Biden wrote that Hogan is “a brilliant lawyer who was instrumental in guiding the Senate Judiciary Committee though some of its most important challenges in both crime control and judicial selection.â€Â(1)
The Issues
Hogan has worked on several high-profile pieces of legislation. She was one of the chief architects of the 1994 Violent Crime and Control Act, which provided billions of dollars for 100,000 new police officers, crime prevention programs and prisons. The measure also limited the sale of semi-automatic firearms and created 60 new death penalty offenses.
She championed the 1995 Violence Against Women Act, which allocated $1.6 billion to efforts to reduce the number of domestic violence cases. The law also increases federal grants for battered women’s shelters and funding to investigate and prosecute violent crimes against women.(3)
Judicial Nominations
Because of her work with Biden on the Senate Judiciary Committee, Hogan has extensive experience with judicial nominations. She joined the chairman's staff shortly before the confirmation of Justice Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, and she was part of the group of lawyers who worked on the testimony of Anita Hill and other witnesses.
In particular, Hogan was criticized after the confirmation hearings ended for allowing another witness, Angela Wright, not to testify in front of Congress. Wright said in an interview over the phone with Hogan and other congressional aides that Thomas had made advances towards her similar to the ones Anita Hill described.(4) Instead of requiring Wright to testify, the Senate Judiciary Committee simply accepted the transcript of Wright's interview, a decision that meant Wright's story did not get much attention and had little impact on the confirmation process.(5) Wright said Hogan pressured her to submit the written testimony instead of appearing before the committee, but Hogan said that Wright was relieved not to receive the same intense scrutiny as Hill.(6) Other reports described Biden as the only senator on the committee who wanted Wright to testify.(5)
Hogan remained counsel for Biden for the next two decades and played an integral role during the much-less-controversial hearings for Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Early in 2009, largely because of her extensive experience with the judicial confirmation process, Hogan was tapped to lead the group of White House staffers aiding Judge Sonia Sotomayor through her nomination to the Supreme Court.(7)
Footnotes
1.
"President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Biden Announce Key White House Staff," Change.gov
2.
Montgomery, Jeff, "Experts: Clinton in cabinet would be good for Biden," The News Journal, Nov. 22, 2008
3.
Comprehensive Terrorism Prevention Act of 1995, June 7, 1995
4.
Transcript of proceedings, Telephonic interview of Angela Denise Wright, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Oct. 15, 1991
5.
Graves, Florence George, "The Other Woman," The Washington Post, Oct. 9, 1994
6.
Borger, Gloria, Gest, Ted and Thornton, Jeannye, "The untold story," U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 12, 1992
7.
Shear, Michael D., "Obama Interviewed Sotomayor Thursday," The Washington Post, May 26, 2009</summary>
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<name>Elena Kagan</name>
<description>Solicitor General: former Harvard Law Dean; US Supreme Court Justice 2010 - </description>
<summary>Elena Kagan was confirmed as the 45th Solicitor General of the United States in March 2009. Prior to her confirmation, Elena Kagan was the Charles Hamilton Houston Professor of Law and the 11th Dean of Harvard Law School. During her nearly six-year tenure as Dean, Harvard Law School expanded and enhanced its faculty, modernized its curriculum, developed new campus facilities, promoted public service, and improved the student experience.
A leading scholar of administrative law, Kagan came to Harvard Law School as a visiting professor in 1999 and became Professor of Law in 2001. While on the faculty, Kagan taught administrative law, constitutional law, civil procedure, and seminars on issues involving the separation of powers. She was appointed Dean of the Law School in 2003.
From 1995 to 1999, Kagan served in the White House, first as Associate Counsel to the President (1995-96) and then as Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1997-99). In those positions she played a key role in the executive branch’s formulation, advocacy, and implementation of law and policy in areas ranging from education to crime to public health.
Kagan launched her academic career at the University of Chicago Law School, where she became an assistant professor in 1991 and a tenured professor of law in 1995. In 1993, Kagan received the graduating students’ award for teaching excellence.
Kagan clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1986 to 1987. The next year, she clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court. She worked as an associate in the Washington, D.C. law firm of Williams & Connolly from 1989 to 1991.
Kagan received her bachelor’s degree, summa cum laude, from Princeton in 1981. She attended Worcester College, Oxford, as Princeton’s Daniel M. Sachs Graduating Fellow, and received an M. Phil. in 1983. She then attended Harvard Law School, where she was supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated magna cum laude in 1986.</summary>
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<name>Rob Nabors</name>
<description>Deputy Director of OMB (Confirmed 1-28-09)</description>
<summary>Robert Nabors most recently served as the 13th Clerk and Staff Director of the House Appropriations Committee, where he was responsible for the hiring and direction of the majority of the committee staff and for recommending overall legislative strategies with respect to discretionary spending to committee Democrats and the House Democratic Leadership. Nabors joined the Appropriations Committee in 2001. Prior to coming to the Appropriations Committee, Nabors served in the Office of Management and Budget in the Executive Office of the President as the Senior Advisor to the Director and as the Assistant Director for Administration and Executive Secretary. Nabors is a graduate of the University of Notre Dame, where he received degrees in Government and Computer Applications. He received a Masters Degree in Political Science from the University of North Carolina.</summary>
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<name>Jackie Norris</name>
<description>Former chief of Staff to First Lady Michelle Obama</description>
<summary>Norris is an Iowa insider who spent two years working for President Barack Obama in Iowa and was instrumental in both his Democratic caucus and general election victories there.
After the campaign, she was named chief of staff for Michelle Obama. She returned to Washington, where she began her career as a congressional staffer before moving to the White House to work for Al Gore.
Norris worked closely with Michelle Obama as she decided what issues to tackle at the beginning of her husband's administration. The First Lady made issues surrounding working families and military families her top priority and also focused on promoting healthy food.
Norris left the East Wing in June 2009 to take a position as senior adviser to the Corporation for National and Community Service. Longtime Obama friend Susan Sher replaced her as the First Lady's chief of staff.</summary>
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<name>David S Cohen</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary of Treasury for Terrorist Financing (Confirmed 5-1-09)</description>
<summary>David S. Cohen was confirmed by the United States Senate May 1, 2009 to serve as the Department of the Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing. As Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing, Cohen is responsible for formulating and coordinating the counter-terrorist financing and anti-money laundering efforts of the Department of the Treasury. In this role, Cohen will be a key member of the Obama Administration's national security team in developing financial strategies to combat such wide ranging threats as terrorism, organized crime, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
From 1999-2001, Cohen served in the Treasury Department's General Counsel's Office as, successively, Senior Counsel to the General Counsel, Associate Deputy General Counsel, and Acting Deputy General Counsel. While in the General Counsel's Office, Cohen worked extensively with policy makers to develop and implement the Department's anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing policies.
Cohen received his J.D. from Yale Law School in 1989, and his B.A., magna cum laude, from Cornell University, in 1985.</summary>
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<name>Alan B Krueger</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy and Chief Economist for the U.S. Department of Treasury</description>
<summary>Alan B. Krueger was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy and Chief Economist for the U.S. Department of Treasury on May 6, 2009. He advises the Secretary on all aspects of economic policy, including current and prospective macroeconomic developments and the development and analysis of the Administration’s economic initiatives. He is currently on leave from Princeton University where he is the Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, where he has held a joint appointment in the Economics Department and the Woodrow Wilson School since 1987. In 1994-95 Mr. Krueger served as chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor. Mr. Krueger has published widely on the economics of education, unemployment, income distribution, social insurance, regulation, terrorism, interest rates and the environment. He has been a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a member of the editorial board of Science, and has served as chief economist for the Council for Economic Education. He is the author of What Makes A Terrorist: Economics and the Roots of Terrorism and Education Matters: A Selection of Essays on Education, and co-author of Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage and of Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policies?
Prior to assuming his current position, Mr. Krueger was a member of the Board of Directors of the Russell Sage Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation and the American Institutes for Research. He was named a Sloan Fellow in Economics in 1992 and an NBER Olin Fellow in 1989-90. He was elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 1996, a Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists in 2005 and a member of the Executive Committee of the American Economic Association in 2004. He was awarded the Kershaw Prize by the Association for Public Policy and Management in 1997 (for distinguished contributions to public policy analysis by someone under the age of 40) and the Mahalanobis Memorial Medal by the Indian Econometric Society in 2001. In 2002 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and in 2003 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. He was awarded the IZA Prize in Labor Economics with David Card in 2006. From March 2000 to February 2009 he was a regular contributor to the "Economic Scene" and Economix blog in The New York Times.
Mr. Krueger received a B.S. degree, with honors, from Cornell University’s School of Industrial & Labor Relations in 1983, an A.M. in Economics from Harvard University in 1985, and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard University in 1987. He is married and has two teenage children.</summary>
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<name>Kim N Wallace</name>
<description>Assistant Secretary of Treasury for Legislative Affairs</description>
<summary>Kim N. Wallace was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 24, 2009 to serve as Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs. In this capacity, Wallace advises Treasury Secretary Geithner on legislative strategy, communicates Treasury’s priorities to Congress and keeps the Department informed of Congressional objectives and concerns.
Before coming to Treasury, Wallace was a Managing Director and head of the Washington Research Group at Barclays Capital. Previously, he served in the same position at Lehman Brothers Inc. until 1994. From 1989-1994, Wallace was a legislative aide for fiscal policy to then-Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell and worked as an analyst on the Senate Budget Committee under then-Chairman Lawton Chiles.
He holds an M.S. in Business from Johns Hopkins University and a B.A. in Government from the University of Texas at Austin.</summary>
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<name>George W Madison</name>
<description>General Counsel (Confirmed 2009-09-08)</description>
<summary>George W. Madison is Executive Vice President and General Counsel of TIAA-CREF and a member of its Executive Management Team. Mr. Madison joined the company in 2003 after six and a half years as executive vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary at Comerica Incorporated, where he also served as a member of Comerica’s management policy committee and management council.
Mr. Madison was previously a partner in the law firm of Mayer, Brown & Platt in New York (currently known as Mayer, Brown), practicing banking and structured finance law on behalf of foreign and domestic money center banks.
Before joining Mayer, Brown & Platt in 1987, Mr. Madison was an associate with the law firm of Shearman & Sterling in New York. He also served as law clerk to the Honorable Nathaniel R. Jones at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Cincinnati.
Mr. Madison is a member of the American Bar Association, the American Law Institute, the American Judicature Society and the Association of Corporate Counsel. He served on the Executive Committee of The Association of the Bar of the City of New York and is the former chair of the American Bar Association’s Committee of Corporate General Counsel. He has recently been elected to the board of directors for The Legal Aid Society.
During Mr. Madison’s tenure at Comerica in Detroit, he was appointed vice chairman of the Detroit Economic Growth Corporation by then Mayor Dennis Archer. He also was a member of the board of trustees of the Henry Ford Health System and served as chairman of its subsidiary, Health Alliance Plan, Inc., one of Michigan’s largest health maintenance organizations.
Mr. Madison received the Judge Learned Hand Award from the American Jewish Committee. He is also the recipient of the NAACP’s 1997 Invaluable Pro Bono Legal Services Award, the MCCA’s 1998 Diversity 2000 Award, the Detroit Metropolitan Bar Association’s 2003 Distinguished Service Award, the 2003 State Bar of Michigan’s President’s Choice Award and the 2006 Paul Robeson Distinguished Alumni Award from Columbia Law School.
Mr. Madison holds a B.S. from New York University’s Stern School of Business, a J.D. from Columbia Law School and an M.B.A. from Columbia Business School.</summary>
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<name>Michael S Barr</name>
<description>Michael Barr was confirmed as the Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions on May 21, 2009, but as of October 20, 2009 he is also serving as Acting Under Secretary for Domestic Finance</description>
<summary>Michael S. Barr was confirmed by the United States Senate May 21, 2009 to serve as the Department of the Treasury's Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions. As Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions, Barr is responsible for developing and coordinating Treasury's policies on legislative and regulatory issues affecting financial institutions.
Barr has taught Financial Institutions, International Finance, Transnational Law, and Jurisdiction and Choice of Law, and co-founded the International Transactions Clinic at the University of Michigan Law School. He has also served as a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and at the Brookings Institution. Barr has researched and written about a wide range of issues in financial regulation. He has conducted large-scale empirical research regarding financial services and low- and moderate-income households. Barr recently co-edited Building Inclusive Financial Systems (Brookings Press 2007, with Kumar & Litan) and Insufficient Funds (Russell Sage 2008, with Blank).
Barr previously served as Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin's Special Assistant, as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, as Special Advisor to President William J. Clinton, as a special advisor and counselor on the policy planning staff at the State Department, and as a law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice David H. Souter and then-District Court Judge Pierre N. Leval of the Southern District of New York.
Barr received his J.D. from Yale Law School, an M. Phil in International Relations from Magdalen College, Oxford University, as a Rhodes Scholar, and his B.A., summa cum laude, with Honors in History, from Yale University. He is married and has three children.</summary>
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<name>Cass R Sunstein</name>
<description>Administrator: Information & Regulatory Affairs (Confirmed 9-10-09)</description>
<summary>Before becoming Administrator, Cass R. Sunstein was the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Mr. Sunstein graduated in 1975 from Harvard College and in 1978 from Harvard Law School magna cum laude. After graduation, he clerked for Justice Benjamin Kaplan of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court, and then he worked as an attorney-advisor in the Office of the Legal Counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice. He was a faculty member at the University of Chicago Law School from 1981 to 2008.
Mr. Sunstein has testified before congressional committees on many subjects, and he has been involved as an advisor in constitution-making and law reform activities in a number of nations. A specialist in administrative law, regulatory policy, and behavioral economics, Mr. Sunstein is author of many articles and a number of books, including After the Rights Revolution (1990), Risk and Reason (2002), Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle (2005), Worst-Case Scenarios (2007), and Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness (with Richard H. Thaler, 2008).</summary>
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<name>R Gil Kerlikowske</name>
<description>Director, Office of National Drug Policy (Confirmed 5-07-09)</description>
<summary>R. Gil Kerlikowske was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. He was sworn in on May 7, 2009, as the Nation's sixth "Drug Czar." In his position, Mr. Kerlikowske coordinates all aspects of Federal drug control programs and implementation of the President's National Drug Control Strategy.
Mr. Kerlikowske brings 37 years of law enforcement and drug policy experience to the position. He most recently served 9 years as the Chief of Police for Seattle, Washington. When he left, crime was at its lowest point in 40 years. Previously, he was Deputy Director for the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, where he was responsible for over 6 billion dollars in Federal assets. Mr. Kerlikowske was also Police Commissioner of Buffalo, New York. The majority of his law enforcement career was in Florida where he served in the St. Petersburg Police Department and later as Chief of Police in Port St. Lucie and Fort Pierce.
He was elected twice to be President of the Major Cities Chiefs, which is comprised of the largest city and county law enforcement agencies in the United States and Canada, and was also elected President of the Police Executive Research Forum. He has received numerous awards and recognition for leadership, innovation, and community service. He served in the U.S. Army where he was awarded the Presidential Service Badge.
He served as the Chair of the Board of Directors of Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, a national organization that advocates for evidence-based programs that prevent youth from being involved in crime. He has also served on the advisory boards of the Salvation Army in Buffalo and Seattle, feeding the hungry and helping the homeless.
Mr. Kerlikowske holds a B.A. and M.A. in criminal justice from the University of South Florida in Tampa, and is a graduate of the F.B.I. National Executive Institute in Quantico, Virginia.</summary>
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<name>Aneesh Chopra</name>
<description>Associate Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy (Confirmed 5-21-09)</description>
<summary>Born in Trenton, N.J., in 1972, Chopra quickly learned the importance of education, particularly math. His parents would make him do 20 pages of math problems a day before playing with friends — that was in the first grade.(1)
Chopra earned a degree in public health from Johns Hopkins University in 1994, and then went to work at Morgan Stanley as an investment banker. He calls that the most important job of his life because it taught him what drives economic growth.(1) But he didn’t stay there long. He left to study public policy at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government and gained a Master’s in 1997.
Then Chopra moved to Washington to work as a consultant at the Advisory Board, a health-care research and consultancy firm. He worked up to the rank of managing director before leaving in late 2005 to join Virginia Gov. Tim Kaine’s (D) administration as the state’s tech czar. Chopra helped implement multiple tech-forward initiatives, such as using iTunes to complement learning tools for public school children or the creation of the state’s broadband technology map, which shows where it is and where there still needs to be more development. To close the gaps, Virginia asked for $100 million of the $7.3 billion that the February 2009 stimulus bill allocated for broadband infrastructure.(2)
After President Barack Obama was elected in November 2008, Chopra volunteered to help with technology and innovation policy on the transition team.(3)</summary>
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<name>Joshua DuBois</name>
<description>Director of the Office of Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships (since February 2009)</description>
<summary>Why He Matters
Barack Obama wants to reach out to people of faith in America, and DuBois is going to help him do it.
In the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama had some success appealing to voters of faith, whose focus on family values had long made them the predominant domain of Republican candidates. Much of that success came from his director of religious affairs, DuBois. DuBois’ familiarity with the Christian community helped him advise the Democrat on tricky religious issues, including quashing persistent rumors that Obama was Muslim and handling the possibly campaign-ending comments from Obama’s controversial pastor, the Rev. Jeremiah Wright.
As head of the White House Office of Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships, 26-year-old DuBois will help steer federal dollars to social service organizations—both church-based and secular—and get those groups involved in the government’s efforts on social issues. In the Obama administration, that could mean neighborhood and faith groups have a more active role than ever in policymaking.
Obama also created the President’s Council for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, a group of 25 leaders representing various religious and secular groups. They will offer input on policy as well as advise DuBois’ faith office.
“The sense here is that the Obama administration will go further in making sure faith groups really have a seat at the table when it comes to solving America's most pressing problems,†Christian Broadcasting Network’s David Brody reported.(1)
Path to Power
DuBois was born in Bar Harbor, Maine. His stepfather was an itinerant minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, so he spent much of his childhood on the move.
He lived in Cambridge, Mass., as a young child. But he was mostly raised in Nashville, Tenn., and considers it his hometown. He attended high school in Xenia, Ohio.
DuBois wanted to go to a big city for college, so he returned to New England to attend Boston University. There, as a 17-year-old freshman, he became involved in social activism after he was “struck by the injustice†of the acquittal of four New York City police officers who had shot and killed unarmed Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo.(2)
DuBois stood for hours on a busy Boston plaza as a vigil to Diallo. He was approached by fellow BU student Eugene Schneeberg, who invited DuBois to a nearby church affiliated with the United Pentecostal Council of the Assemblies of God, a small, predominantly African-American denomination.
"Initially, I was not interested in reintegrating myself in a Christian community, because I figured I knew it all, growing up in the church," DuBois said. "But what I didn't really know was how to have a personal relationship with Jesus."(2)
DuBois was eventually named associate pastor at the church, Calvary Praise and Worship, and occasionally filled in as preacher.
DuBois earned his bachelor’s degree in political science in 2003, and went on to Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School, where he received his master’s in public affairs in 2005.
He moved further south to Washington, D.C., to enroll in law school, going part-time to Georgetown University. At the same time in 2004, he worked as an intern in Rep. Rush Holt’s (D-N.J.) office and then as a fellow in Rep. Charles B. Rangel’s (D-N.Y.) office.
Then, DuBois heard Obama’s keynote speech at the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and one line impressed him: "We worship an awesome God in the Blue States."
"I had been struggling with whether I should go into ministry or politics,†DuBois told the Boston Globe, “and I felt that God was leading me to find a way to do both, but I didn't know any politician that got that intersection right," DuBois said. "That phrase jarred me."
After hounding Obama’s staff, DuBois was hired as a legislative correspondent in Obama’s Senate office in May 2005. DuBois never completed his law degree, leaving instead to work on the 2008 Obama presidential campaign.
In 2008, at the age of 25, DuBois was appointed director of religious affairs for the Obama campaign. He orchestrated a program that reached out to people of faith on a scale unheard of for a Democratic candidate at the time. His efforts included hundreds of town hall meetings and house parties on the subject of faith in America.
"I think you're going to see a lot of folks who have never voted for a Democrat before really give Senator Obama a hard look," DuBois told the Boston Globe.(2)
Courtesy David Brody / Christian Broadcasting Network
The Issues
DuBois heads the White House Office of Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships, and also oversees the Centers for Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships in each executive agency.
The office acts as a liaison between faith and secular community groups and the White House, often partnering with them to tackle social issues. It also helps these groups apply for federal grants available to them.
The Washington Post called DuBois’s appointment a “new direction for the office†after it was beset by controversy during the Bush administration.(3)
The Bush administration’s Office of Faith-based and Community Initiatives was criticized for focusing too much on religious groups to the exclusion of secular non-profits and for becoming too politicized.
Rather than cut the Bush-created office, Obama is expanding it. Including neighborhood and community groups may be an Obama administration nod to secular non-profit organizations who felt excluded by the Bush Administration’s office.(4)
Politics and Faith
Dubois’s knowledge of the Christian community allowed him to guide Obama through some tricky situations during the 2008 presidential race.
DuBois knew the faith community well enough to have the candidate sit down with key people in the faith-based media, a tactic which helped squelch persistent campaign rumors that Obama was a Muslim. DuBois also set up a major meeting between Obama and conservative evangelical leaders in June 2008.
DuBois also helped steer Obama through the controversy surrounding his pastor and longtime friend, the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, after ABC News revealed that Wright once sermonized that black Americans should say “God Damn America,†instead of “God Bless America,†and other inflammatory comments.(5)
During the 2008 campaign, DuBois and his small staff tread a fine line when reaching out to religious groups, whose tax status limits their political activities. They often counseled church officials on how to comply with those regulations.
"We're very up front - we're a campaign, and we want you to vote for Senator Obama - but we're not going to try to co-opt religion, we're not going to try to use religion to divide folks, we're not going to steal church directories to call people to vote," DuBois told the Boston Globe.(2)
The Network
DuBois "is a very close confidant and adviser to President Obama, so this demonstrates the president is very committed to working with faith groups and organizations in this country," said Burns Strider, who was DuBois’s counterpart on the Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign and now does faith-based political consulting. "He's put a trusted adviser to run it so it can hit the ground running."(3)
Before he worked in Obama’s senate office, DuBois worked for Rep. Rush Holt (D-N.J.) as an intern and then as a fellow for Rep. Charles B. Rangel (D-N.Y.).
Adam Taylor, the senior political director at Sojourners, an evangelical anti-poverty organization, said DuBois became "part of a loose network of progressive-minded Christians" who have been meeting in Washington for the past few years.â€Â(6)
Footnotes
1.
Brody, David, “Exclusive: President Obama’s Council on Faith,†CBNnews.com, February 4, 2009
2.
Paulson, Michael, “Obama’s Man of Faith,†The Boston Globe, July 10, 2008
3.
Boorstein, Michelle and Michael D. Shear, “DuBois, 26, to Head Faith Office,†44 blog, WashingtonPost.com, January 30, 2009
4.
Murray, Mark, “Obama’s Faith-based Rollout,†msnbc.com, February 4, 2009
5.
Ross, Brian and Rehab El-Buri, “Obama’s Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11,†ABCnews.com, March 13, 2008
6.
Paulson, Michael, “Obama’s Man of Faith,†The Boston Globe, July 10, 2008</summary>
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<name>Rosie Rios</name>
<description>U.S. Treasurer</description>
<summary>Rosie Rios was confirmed on July 24, 2009 by the United States Senate to serve as Treasurer of the United States.
Prior to her confirmation as Treasurer, Rios worked at MacFarlane Partners, where she was Managing Director of Investments. Working with MacFarlane Partners’ development and global capital partners, Rios played a central role in facilitating equity transactions for large mixed-use development projects in major urban areas. Last November, Rios took a leave of absence from MacFarlane Partners to serve on the Treasury/Federal Reserve Transition Team.
Before her time at MacFarlane Partners, Rios was a Principal for Red River Associates, a consulting firm that specializes in providing development, project management and executive management services to municipalities. Rios also served as the Director of the Redevelopment and Economic Development for the City of Oakland. Also in California, Rios served as Director of Economic Development for the City of Fremont, Development Specialist for the City of San Leandro, and Manager of the Union City Redevelopment Agency. At the beginning of her career, Rios worked in San Francisco as a Commercial Property Underwriter for the General Reinsurance Corporation.
Most recently, Rios was a Trustee of the Alameda County Employees’ Retirement Association (ACERA) in California and served on the boards of the California Association of Local Economic Development (CALED), the Unity Council and the Toigo Foundation. In addition, she is a Fellow with the Royal Society for the Arts. Rios received her Bachelor’s degree from Harvard University.</summary>
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<name>Susan Sher</name>
<description>Chief of Staff to the First Lady (since June 2009)</description>
<summary>Why She Matters
In June 2009, the first lady replaced her top staffer with a member of her inner circle from Chicago; the two women know each other from their days working together in the Chicago mayor’s office in the early 1990s.
Sher and Michelle Obama have stayed close friends and co-workers over the years. Sher provided legal advice to the first lady and advised her on legal issues related to health care before being asked to step in as Michelle Obama's chief of staff in June 2009, as a replacement for the departing Jackie Norris.
Before moving to Washington, D.C., Sher spent the previous decade as the vice president for legal and government affairs at the University of Chicago Medical Center. Before that, she was Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley’s (D) lead attorney. Sher oversaw negotiations, court proceedings and some scandals in her eight years of Chicago service.
Though Michelle Obama has said she is going to leave the governing to her husband, the New York Times wrote that Sher could be the first lady’s most effective advocate in the East Wing.(1) Sher is also close to Valerie Jarrett, assistant to the president for intergovernmental relations and public liaison.
Path to Power
Sher graduated from George Washington University in Washington D.C.in 1970 and Loyola University of Chicago School of Law in 1974. In between undergraduate and law school, she studied art history at the University of Chicago. But she left to pursue a law degree, and finished second in her class at Loyola.(2) After law school, she went to the law firm Mayer Brown & Platt, where she specialized in labor law.
Sher was associate general counsel for the University of Chicago from 1985 to 1989 before moving to city hall.(3) She worked in the office of Chicago Mayor Daley from 1989 to 1997. For the first four years, she was the first assistant corporation counsel for the city, and then she worked as the corporation counsel for four more years. She was the first woman to head the Department of Law for the city of Chicago.(4)
In the mayor’s office, Sher came across the resume of a woman who wanted to leave her work as a lawyer at a big law firm: Michelle Obama. She passed the resume along to co-worker Valerie Jarrett, who had taken a similar career path from the private sector to the mayor’s office. Jarrett and Obama soon became good friends.(5) Sher was also friends with both Obama and Jarrett. “They have a very close relationship that is based in mutual respect and shared sense of values,†Jarrett said of Sher and Obama.(6)
Two years before she left the mayor’s office, Sher was in contention for a federal judgeship, but she lost out to a longtime friend, Joan Gottschal.(7) In 1997, Sher left city hall to become vice president and general counsel of the University of Chicago Medical Center, where she would eventually work again with both Michelle Obama and Valerie Jarrett. She continued to serve at the medical center until January 2009, when President Barack Obama asked her to be his associate White House counsel. She will work closely with Michelle Obama and will advise the administration on legal issues surrounding health care.(8)
The Issues
Sher’s work has been primarily as a lawyer, but she has an extensive background in health care and public policy. For more than a decade before she joined the White House, Sher worked as the vice president for legal and government affairs at the University of Chicago’s Medical Center, which has nearly 10,000 employees. The medical center described her job there as being “responsible for all legal, government, regulatory and community affairs. She also worked on governance issues.â€Â(9)Sher served as a registered lobbyist for the University of Chicago Hospital system during that time.(10)
Michelle Obama was working at the university’s community service center, which she had founded, when Sher hired her in 2001 to be executive director of community affairs for the University of Chicago Hospitals. Sher wanted Obama to create an Office of Community Affairs, but “we really didn't know what this office would be, so it was really her creation,†Sher said. Sher asked Obama to further integrate the medical center with the surrounding communities. Under the Healthy Communities Access Program, Obama established a program that helped patients get primary care so they didn’t come to the emergency room with non-urgent complaints.(11)
City of Chicago Litigation
In Mayor Daley’s office, Sher supervised a staff of 250 lawyers presiding over a wide range of issues. "It's been an incredible learning experience," she said when she decided to leave for the medical center. "There's such a broad range of legal issues facing the city. One is bombarded with them every day, from the flood to major civil rights cases and economic development. When you arrive in the morning you never know exactly what you'll be dealing with."(12)
One of those major issues was the flooding of Chicago’s Loop in 1992. A construction company allegedly caused a flood while driving pilings into the Chicago River resulting in millions of dollars in damage. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that maritime rules covered the flood, which meant that the dredging company’s liability was limited. It was a major defeat for the city.(7)
While working for Daley, Sher presided over numerous negotiations with both unions and Republicans. Daley’s office consistently fought over Meigs Field, an airport on the lake that Daley wanted to turn into a park. The mayor met stiff opposition from pilots groups and Gov. Jim Edgar (R), who said it would hurt the economy to close the commuter airport.
Shortly before Sher left the mayor’s office, a Cook County judge stopped an attempt by Edgar to seize control of the airport, a Daley victory. But the situation was not resolved by the time Sher left the mayor’s office.(13)
Sher also got out of city hall just as a federal investigation was beginning to examine allegations of ghost payrolling in Chicago.(14) Joseph Martinez, a former Chicago alderman, admitted to doing no work for the city for seven years despite being on the payroll of three city council committees. At the time, Martinez was working at the law firm of Alderman Edward Burke. Sher said that she contacted federal authorities as soon as she found out about the illegal checks. But Sher had already left city government by the time the probe kicked into high gear.(15)
The Network
Sher is very close to Michelle Obama. Sher, Obama and Valerie Jarrett got to know each other while working in Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley’s (D) office. All three later worked together at the University of Chicago Medical Center. Sher also sat on the board of the University of Chicago’s Lab School with Martin Nesbitt, John W. Rogers and Jarrett, all of whom are good friends with President Barack Obama.
Campaign Contributions
Sher has given more than $24,000 to political candidates since 2000, and almost all of that money has gone to Illinois Democrats: Sens. Richard Durbin, Barack Obama and Carol Moseley-Braun and Reps. Bobby Rush, Jesse Jackson Jr. and Jan Schakowsky. She also gave money to former House Speaker Dennis Hastert (R-Ill.).(16)
Footnotes
1.
Swarns, Rachel L., “For new first lady, hints of agenda and tone,†The New York Times, Jan. 20, 2009
2.
“Sher appointed hospitals’ VP, General Counsel,†The University of Chicago Chronicle, April 3, 1997
3.
“Susan Sher, vice president for legal and government affairs at the University of Chicago Medical Center to join Obama admnisitration,†The University of Chicago, Jan. 9, 2009
4.
“Sher appointed hospitals’ VP, General Counsel,†The University of Chicago Chronicle, April 3, 1997
5.
Becker, Jonathan, “Barack’s rock,†Vogue, Oct. 2008
6.
McCormick, John, “Chicagoan named associate counsel to president,†Chicago Tribune (Illinois), Jan. 6, 2009
7.
Spielman, Fran, “Sher looks forward to new job, new pace,†Chicago Sun-Times, Feb. 12, 1997
8.
Sweet, Lynn, “U of Chicago Hospital VP Susan Sher tapped to be White House associate counsel,†Chicago Sun Times, Jan. 5, 2009
9.
“Susan Sher, vice president for legal and government affairs at the University of Chicago Medical Center to join Obama admnisitration,†The University of Chicago, Jan. 9, 2009
10.
"Obama's lobbyists," National Journal, March 21, 2009
11.
Stephens, Joe, "Obama camp has many ties to wife's employer," The Washington Post, Aug. 22, 2008
12.
Wagenhofer, Karen, “Chicago IP Boutiques Merge,†Illinois Legal Times, April 1997
13.
Burns, Terry, “Judge sides with Chicago on Meigs,†The State Journal-Register (Springfield, Ill.), Oct. 2, 1996
14.
Heard, Jacquelyn, “City’s top lawyer leaving post to become U of C Hospital VP,†Chicago Tribune, Feb. 11, 1997
15.
Heard, Jacquelyn, “Daley settles on ghost check story,†Chicago Tribune, Jan. 29, 1997
16.
Center for Responsive Politics</summary>
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<name>Jeffery Goldstein</name>
<description>Serving as Counselor to Treasury Secretary Geithner as he awaits confirmation hearings for Under Secretary for Domestic Finance.</description>
<summary>Jeffrey has an extraordinary level of experience working with many of the largest financial institutions and industrial corporations in the world and has an unmatched understanding of the financial markets. His stellar reputation in public service and the business world is well deserved," said Brian M. Powers, Chief Executive Officer of Hellman & Friedman. "I have known Jeffrey for 20 years and am confident he will immediately contribute to our continued success.â€Â
"Hellman & Friedman is distinctive among private equity firms in its investment approach and track record. I share the Firm's focused and disciplined investment philosophy," said Mr. Goldstein. "I have known Brian and several of the Partners for many years and am excited to be joining this extraordinary investment team.â€Â
James D. Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank Group, commented “In his capacity as Managing Director over the past five years, Jeffrey has made a major contribution to the work of the World Bank, fulfilling his responsibilities with distinction and with our great appreciation. While we are sorry to see him go, I also know he will stay engaged in the work of development to which he has always been deeply committed.â€Â
From 1999 through October 2004, Mr. Goldstein was a Managing Director and a Member of the World Bank Management Committee. As Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of the World Bank, he was responsible for the management of the institution’s internal and external financing affairs, including oversight of the Bank’s strategy to align its financial resources with its strategic priorities and its work with client governments to strengthen financial and capital markets.
Prior to his tenure at the World Bank, Mr. Goldstein was Co-Chairman of BT Wolfensohn and a member of the Bankers Trust Company Management Committee. He began his 15 years at Wolfensohn as one of its early partners, during which time he worked closely with Brian Powers and Patrick Healy, who heads Hellman & Friedman’s London office. Earlier in his career, Mr. Goldstein taught economics at Princeton University and worked at the Brookings Institution. He received his Ph.D, M.Phil, and M.A. in economics from Yale University and his B.A. from Vassar College.
In addition, Jeffrey Goldstein has a distinguished record in public service. He serves as a Member of the Board of Trustees and Investment Committee of Vassar College, Trustee and past President of Big Brothers/Big Sisters of New York City, Trustee of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, and Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Mr. Goldstein is based out of Hellman & Friedman’s New York office. He joins Managing Directors Frank Zarb and Allen Thorpe in the leadership of the office, working closely with Hellman & Friedman’s teams in San Francisco and London and operating as one unified firm.
(From a Hellman & Friedman News Release (2004) announcing Goldstein's hiring to the firm.)</summary>
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<name>Stuart Levey</name>
<description>Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence</description>
<summary>As Under Secretary, he leads an office which marshals the Treasury Department's policy, enforcement, regulatory, and intelligence functions to sever the lines of financial support to international terrorists, WMD proliferators, narcotics traffickers, and other threats to our national security. In this capacity he oversees the Office of Terrorist Finance and Financial Crime (TFFC), the Office of Intelligence and Analysis (OIA), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), and the Treasury Executive Office of Asset Forfeiture (TEOAF).
In furtherance of the Treasury Department’s new national security mission, Mr. Levey has guided the development and implementation of financial strategies and authorities aimed at countering threats to U.S. national security and protecting the international financial system from abuse. Mr. Levey is responsible for the Department’s efforts to disrupt and dismantle the financial networks supporting terrorist organizations. He has also overseen the development and implementation of financial measures against proliferators of weapons of mass destruction. Mr. Levey has played a central role in the Administration’s efforts to combat North Korea’s and Iran’s illicit conduct in the international financial system.
Prior to his nomination to his current post, Mr. Levey served as the Principal Associate Deputy Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice. In that capacity, he was the Deputy Attorney General’s primary staff member with responsibility for coordinating the Justice Department’s varied counterterrorism activities, including investigations, intelligence collection and prosecutions. Prior to assuming that position, he served as an Associate Deputy Attorney General and also as the Deputy Attorney General’s Chief of Staff.
Prior to joining the Justice Department in 2001, Mr. Levey spent 11 years in private practice at the Washington law firm Miller, Cassidy, Larroca & Lewin LLP (which merged into Baker Botts, LLP). He had a litigation practice with a special emphasis on white collar criminal defense. He also clerked for Judge Laurence Silberman on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1989 through 1990. Mr. Levey graduated from Harvard College, summa cum laude, in 1986 and from Harvard Law School, magna cum laude, in 1989.</summary>
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<description>Assistant Secretary for Management and Chief Financial Officer</description>
<summary>Daniel Tangherlini was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 24, 2009 to serve as Treasury’s Assistant Secretary for Management, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Performance Officer. In these roles, Tangherlini serves as the principal policy advisor on the development and execution of the budget and performance plans for Treasury and the internal management of the Treasury and its bureaus.
Tangherlini most recently served as the City Administrator and Deputy Mayor in the administration of Washington, DC’s Mayor Adrian M. Fenty. His responsibilities included managing the day-to-day operations, budget development and performance management of District agencies. Tangherlini also served as the Director of the District of Columbia Department of Transportation (DDOT) from June 2000 to February 2006.
Prior to his appointment as City Administrator, Tangherlini served as the Interim General Manager of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Tangherlini also served the District of Columbia as Chief Financial Officer of the Metropolitan Police Department from November 1998 to May 2000. Before joining the District government, Tangherlini worked in the Policy Office of the U.S. Secretary of Transportation and in a variety of capacities during six years of service with the Office of Management and Budget in the Executive Office of the President.
Tangherlini received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Public Policy Studies from the University of Chicago and his Master’s degree in Business Administration from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.</summary>
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<name>Shawn P Maher</name>
<description>White House Deputy Director of Legislative Affairs for the U.S. Senate, Former Congressional Staffer</description>
<summary>With legislative connections and a strong background in banking, Maher is well-positioned for his new job: deputy director of legislative Affairs for the U.S. Senate.
In that position, Maher will play a crucial role in pushing President Barack Obama's goals through Congress. He will probably start with the President's stimulus package, a $700 billion combination of spending, infrastructure improvements, and tax cuts.
Maher will use the skills he picked up as Sen. Christopher J. Dodd’s (D-Conn.) top aide on the powerful Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee. He was a key player in crafting the controversial $700 billion financial bailout plan. He was at the center of turning Bush Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson’s spare, three-page proposal to rescue the nation’s financial system into a 450-page behemoth that could be embraced by both Democrats and Republicans.</summary>
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<summary>Rouse is currently on leave from Princeton University, where she is the Theodore A. Wells '29 Professor of Economics and Public Affairs. She has been a senior editor of The Future of Children and the Journal of Labor Economics.
Her research focuses on labor economics and the economics of education. Recent research includes studying Florida’s school accountability and voucher programs, technology-based programs in schools in large urban districts, strategies for increasing educational attainment among community college students, and the impact of student loans on post-college occupational choices.
Other topics have included the study of the economic benefit of community college attendance, the Milwaukee Parent Choice Program, and the effects of education inputs on student achievement. She has also studied the existence of discrimination in symphony orchestras, unions in South Africa, and the effect of financial aid on college matriculation.
Rouse is the founding director of the Princeton University Education Research Section, and has been the director of the Industrial Relations Section. She was a member of the MacArthur Foundation’s Research Network on the Transition to Adulthood. Rouse served in the National Economic Council under President William J. Clinton from 1998 to 1999. She received her Ph.D in economics from Harvard University.</summary>
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<summary>Jeffrey Zients was confirmed by the Senate on June 19, 2009, as the Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget and the nation’s first Federal Chief Performance Officer. He has twenty years of business experience as a CEO, management consultant and entrepreneur with a deep understanding of business strategy, process reengineering and financial management. His expertise extends across a broad range of industries and geographies. He most recently served as Managing Partner of Portfolio Logic, an investment firm focusing primarily on business and healthcare services companies. Prior to founding Portfolio Logic, Zients served as CEO and Chairman of The Advisory Board Company and Chairman of the Corporate Executive Board. These two firms are leading providers of performance benchmarking and best practices across a wide range of industries, assisting senior executives at over 5,000 businesses to improve the efficiency of their operations. Zients began his career in management consulting at Bain & Company and Mercer Management Consulting, where he focused on developing strategies and improving operations of Fortune 1000 companies. He also co-founded The Urban Alliance Foundation, a non-profit organization that partners with corporations to provide economically disadvantaged youth with year-round paid internships, adult mentors and job training. Zients graduated summa cum laude from Duke University with a degree in Political Science. He and his wife Mary live in Washington, D.C. and have four children.</summary>
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<List>
<id>124</id>
<name>America's Most Expensive Private High Schools</name>
<description>Forbes list of twenty most expensive private high schools in US.</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2010-12-18 17:28:02</updated_at>
<num_entities>20</num_entities>
</List>
<List>
<id>173</id>
<name>Forbes China "Midas List" (2011)</name>
<description>Top Venture Capitalists in China - published April 2011</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2011-06-12 17:56:34</updated_at>
<num_entities>20</num_entities>
</List>
<List>
<id>55</id>
<name>Forbes Largest Private Companies (2008)</name>
<description/>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2012-01-13 11:42:07</updated_at>
<num_entities>16</num_entities>
</List>
<List>
<id>47</id>
<name>Forbes' Highest Paid CEOs (2009)</name>
<description>American CEOs ranked by compensation in 2008.</description>
<is_ranked>1</is_ranked>
<updated_at>2009-08-22 18:03:07</updated_at>
<num_entities>15</num_entities>
</List>
</Lists>
</Data>
</Response>
Reference data consists of the following fields:
To request References for the data in an Entity record:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<References>7</References>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2</id>
<name>Fortune Magazine Online</name>
<source>http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/snapshots/2255.html</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 15:23:11</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2942</id>
<name>SEC EDGAR Page</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?type=&dateb=&owner=only&count=100&action=getcompany&CIK=WMT&filenum=25</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:03</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2943</id>
<name>2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:32</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>106848</id>
<name>LDA Filing</name>
<source>http://soprweb.senate.gov/index.cfm?event=getFilingDetails&filingID=A288193F-1D76-4748-A248-26F1062A46C3</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>1999-06-22</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-10 22:40:24</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>1005978</id>
<name>Proxy Statement</name>
<source>http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312511100605/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2011-04-18</publication_date>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:23</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>1058290</id>
<name>LittleSis</name>
<source>http://littlesis.org</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:09:57</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>1058291</id>
<name>FMI - Retailer/Wholesaler Members</name>
<source>http://www.fmi.org/forms/MemberDirectory/viewMemberDirectory?reportType=domesticrw</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Data>
</Response>
To request References for the data in a Relationship record:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<ResultCount>
<References>3</References>
</ResultCount>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
</Relationship>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3030</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208000303/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-01-22</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3031</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3076</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:07</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Data>
</Response>
A request for an Entity's Relationships along with the References for those Relationships accepts the same parameters (including paging) as a request for its Relationships alone:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response>
<Meta>
<TotalCount>100</TotalCount>
<ResultCount>
<Relationships>100</Relationships>
<References>152</References>
</ResultCount>
<Parameters>
<cat_ids>1,7</cat_ids>
</Parameters>
</Meta>
<Data>
<Entity>
<id>1</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.</name>
<description>Retail merchandising</description>
<summary/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<website>http://www.walmartstores.com</website>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<primary_type>Org</primary_type>
<parent_id/>
<updated_at>2012-02-02 16:10:06</updated_at>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/org/1/Wal-Mart_Stores,_Inc.</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/entity/1.xml</api_uri>
</Entity>
<Relationships>
<Relationship>
<id>1</id>
<entity1_id>1006</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2007-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2010-06-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:15:59</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/1</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/1.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2946</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007795/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:33</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2947</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:33</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3073</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:06</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>867818</id>
<name>Walmart Stores website: 2010 Annual Report press release</name>
<source>http://investors.walmartstores.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112761&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1414517&highlight=</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:15:59</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>2</id>
<entity1_id>1007</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:10</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/2</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/2.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2950</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007781/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:34</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2951</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:34</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3090</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 8</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:10</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>3</id>
<entity1_id>1008</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:01</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/3</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/3.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2954</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007770/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:35</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2955</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:35</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3050</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:01</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>4</id>
<entity1_id>1009</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:36</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/4</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/4.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2958</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007777/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:36</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2959</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:36</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>5</id>
<entity1_id>1010</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2001-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/5</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/5.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2962</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007789/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:37</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2963</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:37</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3053</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>6</id>
<entity1_id>1011</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/6</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/6.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2966</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007787/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2967</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3087</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:09</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>7</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/7</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/7.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2970</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007797/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:38</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2971</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>8</id>
<entity1_id>1012</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CIO</description1>
<description2>CIO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/8</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/8.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2972</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007797/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2973</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:39</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>9</id>
<entity1_id>1109</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-19 15:50:27</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/9</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/9.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2976</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007793/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:40</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2977</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:40</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3059</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:03</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>10</id>
<entity1_id>1014</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/10</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/10.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2980</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007773/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:41</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2981</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:41</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3065</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>11</id>
<entity1_id>1015</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1977-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-06-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:04:12</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/11</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/11.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2984</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208007791/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-10-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:42</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2985</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:42</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3068</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:05</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>867816</id>
<name>Walmart Stores website: David Glass retirement press release</name>
<source>http://investors.walmartstores.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112761&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1278353&highlight=</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-03-13 20:04:12</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>12</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:12:51</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/12</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/12.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2988</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1194698/000112760208007494/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:43</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2989</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:43</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>13</id>
<entity1_id>1017</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:44</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/13</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/13.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2992</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1340249/000112760208007496/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:44</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2993</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:44</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>14</id>
<entity1_id>1018</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2003-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/14</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/14.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>2996</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1197664/000112760208007388/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:45</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>2997</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:45</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3056</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:02</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>15</id>
<entity1_id>1019</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2006-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/15</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/15.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3000</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1380011/000112760208007396/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:46</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3001</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:46</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3062</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 6</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:04</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>16</id>
<entity1_id>1020</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:08</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/16</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/16.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3004</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1219106/000112760208007390/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:47</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3005</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:47</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3081</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:08</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>17</id>
<entity1_id>1021</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/17</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/17.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3008</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1238138/000112760208007394/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-09-30</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3009</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:48</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>18</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/18</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/18.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3012</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208006196/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-08-20</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3013</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>19</id>
<entity1_id>1022</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CFO</description1>
<description2>CFO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/19</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/19.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3014</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208006196/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-08-20</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3015</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:49</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>20</id>
<entity1_id>1023</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:50</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/20</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/20.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3018</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208005015/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-07-17</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:50</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3019</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:50</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>21</id>
<entity1_id>1024</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/21</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/21.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3022</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1194703/000112760208004621/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-07-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:51</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3023</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:51</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>22</id>
<entity1_id>1025</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/22</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/22.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3026</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1194714/000112760208004640/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-07-02</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:52</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3027</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:52</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>23</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1999-00-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:09:16</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/23</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/23.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3030</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208000303/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-01-22</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3031</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3076</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores 2008 Proxy</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail>pg 7</source_detail>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:07</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>24</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>President</description1>
<description2>President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/24</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/24.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3032</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208000303/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-01-22</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3033</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>25</id>
<entity1_id>1026</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2005-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:46</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/25</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/25.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3034</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208000303/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-01-22</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3035</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:53</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>26</id>
<entity1_id>1027</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice Chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice Chairman</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:54</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/26</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/26.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3038</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000112760208000220/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2008-01-11</publication_date>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:54</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>3039</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores proxy, 2008</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312508086949/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:04:54</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
</Relationship>
<Relationship>
<id>27</id>
<entity1_id>1028</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Director</description1>
<description2>Director</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date/>
<end_date/>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2008-11-05 17:05:00</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/27</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/27.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>3042</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000125267005000073/doc4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
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<Relationship>
<id>264027</id>
<entity1_id>1384</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
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<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:25</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/264027</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/264027.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>711198</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Form 4</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288709/000112760210001978/form4.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2010-01-21</publication_date>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:25</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>711199</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores Proxy Statement</name>
<source>http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312510086323/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2010-04-19</publication_date>
<updated_at>2010-08-13 16:19:25</updated_at>
</Reference>
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<Relationship>
<id>296726</id>
<entity1_id>72454</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>engineering team lead at Walmart.com</description1>
<description2>engineering team lead at Walmart.com</description2>
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<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-03 11:12:12</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/296726</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/296726.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>794538</id>
<name>Facebook Executive Bios</name>
<source>http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?execbios</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-01-03 11:12:12</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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<Relationship>
<id>310570</id>
<entity1_id>15315</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Vice chairman</description1>
<description2>Vice chairman</description2>
<amount/>
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<start_date>1990-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>1993-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-01-31 09:07:08</updated_at>
<notes>In 1990, McLane Co. agreed to merge with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Drayton Jr. accepted the positions of Chairman of McLane Company, Inc. and vice chairman of Wal-Mart. In 1993, he resigned both of these positions in order to devote his full time as Chairman of McLane Group, which is a holding company found in 1992.</notes>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/310570</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/310570.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>835018</id>
<name>Our founder</name>
<source>http://www.mclanegroup.com/Founder.aspx</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-01-31 09:07:08</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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<Relationship>
<id>339039</id>
<entity1_id>1016</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>CEO</description1>
<description2>CEO</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2009-02-00</start_date>
<end_date/>
<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:02</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/339039</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/339039.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>915897</id>
<name>Walmart Stores Official Bio</name>
<source>http://investors.walmartstores.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=112761&p=irol-govBio&ID=47019</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-05-02 16:19:02</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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<Relationship>
<id>343532</id>
<entity1_id>59964</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>president and CEO of Americas division</description1>
<description2>president and CEO of Americas division</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2004-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>2009-00-00</end_date>
<is_current>0</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-05-16 12:41:43</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/343532</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/343532.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>930444</id>
<name>Noddle Out as CEO of Supervalu | Jeff Noddle | Craig Herkert</name>
<source>http://subscribers.supermarketnews.com/retail_financial/0409-noddle_ceo_supervalu/</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-05-16 12:41:43</updated_at>
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<Relationship>
<id>374824</id>
<entity1_id>86848</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>2010-12-00</start_date>
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<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/374824</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/374824.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>1005972</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Form 3</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1216478/000112760210030261/form3.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2010-12-10</publication_date>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>1005973</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Proxy Statement</name>
<source>http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312511100605/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2011-04-18</publication_date>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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<Relationship>
<id>374825</id>
<entity1_id>86849</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1>Executive Vice President</description1>
<description2>Executive Vice President</description2>
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<start_date>2010-07-00</start_date>
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<is_current>1</is_current>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/374825</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/374825.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>1005976</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Form 3</name>
<source>http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1349347/000112760210019010/form3.xml</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2010-07-09</publication_date>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
</Reference>
<Reference>
<id>1005977</id>
<name>Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Proxy Statement</name>
<source>http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/104169/000119312511100605/ddef14a.htm</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date>2011-04-18</publication_date>
<updated_at>2011-10-25 21:24:14</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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<Relationship>
<id>375096</id>
<entity1_id>13191</entity1_id>
<entity2_id>1</entity2_id>
<category_id>1</category_id>
<description1/>
<description2/>
<amount/>
<goods/>
<start_date>1986-00-00</start_date>
<end_date>1992-00-00</end_date>
<is_current/>
<updated_at>2011-10-28 16:13:22</updated_at>
<notes/>
<uri>http://littlesis.org/relationship/view/id/375096</uri>
<api_uri>http://api.littlesis.org/relationship/375096.xml</api_uri>
<References>
<Reference>
<id>1006409</id>
<name>NNDB - Hillary Clinton</name>
<source>http://www.nndb.com/people/022/000025944/</source>
<source_detail/>
<publication_date/>
<updated_at>2011-10-28 16:13:22</updated_at>
</Reference>
</References>
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</Data>
</Response>
All dates in LittleSis are stored in YYYY-MM-DD format. Sometimes date data is incomplete and only the year and month is known -- often only the year is known. A value of "2008-00-00" represents "2008", and "1999-12-00" represents "December, 1999".
Currently all resources are cached server-side upon request so that subsequent requests can be served speedily. Surgical cache-clearing is performed every ~10 minutes based on the LittleSis edit logs:
Client-side caching is possible using the 'Last-Modified' or 'ETag' HTTP headers. All API responses include both headers. For Entities, the Last-Modified value will be set to the last time an Entity field was edited or one of its Relationships added/edited/removed. For Relationships, it will be the last time a field was edited. For Lists, the last time a field was edited or an Entity added/removed. Once an API client has retrieved a resource and stored its Last-Modified value, it can retrieve it the next time with a 'If-Modified-Since' HTTP header with that same value. The API server will then check to see if that value matches the current Last-Modified value for that resource; if so, it will return a 304 HTTP status code; if not, it will return the resource as usual. More information about using the Last-Modified header can be found here.
Etag headers work similarly, but are more reliable as they don't rely on the server's (rough) calculation of when the resource was modified. The Etag header value is a hash of the full response content. If the response content is the same, the Etag is the same. After an API client has retrieved a resource and stored its Etag value, it can retreive it the next timt with a 'If-None-Match' HTTP header with the same value. The API sever will then check to see if that value matches the current Etag value for that resource; if so, it will return a 304 HTTP status code; if not, it will return the resource as usual. More information about Etags can be found here.